BASIC BIBLE DOCTRINES

BASIC BIBLE DOCTRINES

Laying a Foundation for Systematic Theology



Course Objectives

By the end of this course, students should:

  1. Understand the fundamental doctrines of the Christian faith.
  2. Develop a biblical worldview rooted in sound doctrine.
  3. Prepare for advanced theological training by gaining doctrinal clarity and conviction.
  4. Be able to defend the faith using Scripture.

What Is Basic Bible Doctrines?

Basic Bible Doctrine—is the study of organizing the teachings of the Bible into clear, categorical systems. It is an important tool for understanding and teaching Scripture in an organized and doctrinally sound manner.

In this course, we’ll cover ten foundational areas of theology:

  1. Bibliology – The doctrine of the Bible
  2. Theology Proper – The doctrine of God
  3. Christology – The doctrine of Jesus Christ
  4. Pneumatology – The doctrine of the Holy Spirit
  5. Angelology – The doctrine of Angels and Satan
  6. Anthropology – The doctrine of Man
  7. Hamartiology – The doctrine of Sin
  8. Soteriology – The doctrine of Salvation
  9. Ecclesiology – The doctrine of the Church
  10. Eschatology – The doctrine of Last Things

This is a basic introductory course. Advanced courses on these topics will be available for third-year students preparing for pastoral or missionary ministry.

Why Is the Study of Bible Doctrine Important?

  1. It is a command of God
    2 Timothy 2:15 – “Study to shew thyself approved unto God, a workman that needeth not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth.”

  2. It is required of preachers
    Titus 1:9 – “Holding fast the faithful word as he hath been taught, that he may be able by sound doctrine both to exhort and to convince the gainsayers.”
    Titus 2:1 – “But speak thou the things which become sound doctrine.”

  3. It is required of all believers
    1 Peter 3:15 – “But sanctify the Lord God in your hearts: and be ready always to give an answer to every man that asketh you a reason of the hope that is in you with meekness and fear.”

  4. It produces men of God
    2 Timothy 3:17 – “That the man of God may be perfect, throughly furnished unto all good works.”

Four Functions of Scripture in the Life of the Believer

(From 2 Timothy 3:16)

  • Doctrine – To know what is right
  • Reproof – To know when I am not right
  • Correction – To know how to get right
  • Instruction – To know how to stay right

OUTLINE OF LESSONS

MODULE 1: DOCTRINE OF SCRIPTURE (Bibliology)

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MODULE 1: DOCTRINE OF SCRIPTURE (Bibliology)

The Bible is composed of 66 books, divided into two main sections:

  • Old Testament – 39 Books (Genesis to Malachi)
  • New Testament – 27 Books (Matthew to Revelation)

Note: The books of the Bible are arranged topically, not chronologically.

Old Testament Overview

1. Law Books

  • Genesis
  • Exodus
  • Leviticus
  • Numbers
  • Deuteronomy

2. Historical Books

  • Joshua
  • Judges
  • Ruth
  • 1 & 2 Samuel
  • 1 & 2 Kings
  • 1 & 2 Chronicles
  • Ezra-Nehemiah
  • Esther

3. Wisdom Books

  • Job
  • Psalms
  • Proverbs
  • Ecclesiastes
  • Song of Songs (Song of Solomon)

4. Prophetic Books

  • Major Prophets: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel
  • Minor Prophets: Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi

New Testament Overview

1. Gospels

  • Matthew, Mark, Luke, John

2. Historical Book

  • Acts

3. Epistles

  • Pauline Epistles:
    Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2 Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews
  • General Epistles:
    James, 1 & 2 Peter, 1, 2 & 3 John, Jude

4. Apocalyptic Book

  • Revelation

Key Facts about the Bible

  • The Bible is the complete revelation of God’s Word to man.
  • It was written over a period of 1,600 years, from Moses (c. 1500 B.C.) to John (c. 100 A.D.)
  • Authored by approximately 40 different men from various professions:
    Prophets, Kings, Farmers, Fishermen, a Scribe, a Tax Collector, and a Physician
  • Languages:
    • Old Testament: Hebrew (mostly)
    • New Testament: Greek
  • The Bible is without error or contradiction.

Main Areas in the Study of the Bible (Bibliology)

  • Revelation
  • Inspiration (verbal and plenary)
  • Inerrancy and Infallibile
  • Authority
  • Sufficiency
  • Canon
  • Illumination
  • Interpretation
  • Preservation (verbal and plenary)

Foundational Doctrines Concerning the Bible

These are:

  • Revelation – God Making Himself Known

    • General Revelation:
      God reveals Himself to all people through creation.

      • Romans 1:19–20 teaches that God's eternal power and divine nature are "clearly seen" and "understood" through what He has made, leaving humanity without excuse.
      • Psalm 19:1–3 affirms that the heavens declare God’s glory and the firmament shows His handiwork.
      • General revelation is universal and declares the existence of God. However, it does not reveal the knowledge of sin or the way of salvation.

    • Special Revelation:
      God reveals Himself specifically through Scripture and Jesus Christ.

      • Hebrews 1:1–2 explains that God has spoken through His Son, whom He appointed heir of all things.
      • Special revelation is not given to all people at all times. Before the Bible was completed, God sometimes spoke through dreams, audible voices, and angels.
      • Since the completion of Scripture, God no longer uses these methods. Claims of modern dreams, visions, or audible voices as revelations from God should be rejected.
      • The Bible is God's complete and final revelation, revealing the knowledge of sin and His plan of salvation.

  • Inspiration of Scripture – How God Gave Us the Bible

    • 2 Timothy 3:16 – “All scripture is given by inspiration of God...”

      • “Inspiration” literally means God-breathed.
      • It is the words of Scripture, not the writers themselves, that are inspired.
      • Therefore, God is the ultimate origin and author of all Scripture.

    • 2 Peter 1:21 teaches three key truths:

      1. Scripture is not the invention of man – “came not by the will of man”
      2. Holy men of God wrote it – “holy men of God spake”
      3. God authored it – “as they were moved by the Holy Ghost”

    • Because Scripture is God-breathed, it is authoritative and sufficient for all matters of life and godliness (2 Peter 1:3).

  • Preservation of Scripture – God Keeping His Word

    • Isaiah 40:8 – “The word of our God shall stand for ever.”

    • Psalm 12:6–7 – “The words of the LORD are pure... Thou shalt keep them, O LORD, thou shalt preserve them from this generation for ever.”

      • What is preserved? The words of the LORD.
      • Who preserves them? The LORD Himself.
      • For how long? Forever.

    • Therefore, Scripture is both inerrant (without error) and infallible (completely trustworthy) – Proverbs 30:5: “Every word of God is pure…”

  • Translation – The Word of God in Every Tongue

    • Faithful Bible translators have used the preserved Hebrew Masoretic Text (Old Testament) and Greek Received Text (New Testament).

    • The King James Version (KJV) is the only English Bible translated directly from these preserved texts. Completed in 1611 A.D., it remains the most faithful English translation.

    • Modern English versions often alter or omit parts of Scripture, and should therefore be rejected.

    • Summary: The King James Bible is the preserved Word of God in English. It has also been faithfully translated into many other languages by missionaries over the years.

  • Canon of Scripture – The Books God Gave Us

    • The Bible consists of 66 books—divinely inspired and recognized by the early church.
      • Luke 24:44 affirms the Old Testament canon.
      • Revelation 22:18–19 warns against adding to or removing from God's Word.
    • The canon is closed—nothing should be added or removed.

  • Illumination by the Holy Spirit – Understanding the Word

    • 1 Corinthians 2:12–14 – The natural man cannot understand the things of God, for they are spiritually discerned.
    • The Holy Spirit helps believers understand and apply Scripture.
    • Without the Spirit, true comprehension of God’s Word is impossible.

MODULE 2: DOCTRINE OF GOD (Theology Proper)

Existence of God:
The Bible does not present any argument to prove the existence of God. It does not use science or philosophical reasoning to justify His existence. Instead, it simply declares that God exists. Many people hold incorrect views of God, such as deism, atheism, agnosticism, polytheism, and pantheism. However, the Bible affirms that God is, and He has revealed Himself (Hebrews 11:6). The only reliable source through which we can truly know God is the Bible. God has not provided any other source of revelation about Himself. All that we know and believe about God must come from His Word.

The Nature of God:
In John 4:24, we learn three foundational truths about God's nature:

  1. God is Life – He is living and possesses life within Himself. The verse states: “God is…,” not “God was,” indicating that He is eternal. All life originates from God (Genesis 2:7); He sustains all life (Colossians 1:17); and eternal life is found in Jesus Christ (1 John 5:11–12).
  2. God is Spirit – A spirit does not have a physical body. God does not possess flesh and bones like humans or animals. As such, He has no material limitations or bodily needs. This means:
    • God is Invisible (Colossians 1:15)
    • God is Unlimited (Psalm 139:7)
    • God has Personality (John 4:24)
  3. God is One in Being (Deuteronomy 6:4)
  4. God is a Trinity of Persons (Genesis 1:26)
  5. God is Self-Existing (Exodus 3:14)
  6. God is All-Knowing (John 3:20)
  7. God is All-Powerful (Luke 1:37)
  8. God is Eternal (Genesis 21:33)
  9. God Does Not Change (Malachi 3:6)

Attributes of God:

  • Incommunicable Attributes (those unique to God):

    • Eternal
    • Unchangeable
    • Omnipresent (Psalm 90:2)

  • Communicable Attributes (those that can be reflected in humans):

    • Love
    • Mercy
    • Justice (1 John 4:8)

Names of God:
Elohim, Yahweh, Adonai, etc. (Exodus 3:14)

Works of God:
Creation and providence (Genesis 1:1; Colossians 1:17)

The Trinity:
One God in three persons—Father, Son, and Holy Spirit (Matthew 28:19)

God’s Sovereignty and Decrees:
God rules over all and has established His eternal purposes (Ephesians 1:11)

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MODULE 3: DOCTRINE OF CHRIST (Christology)

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The Preexistence and Virgin Birth of Jesus Christ

Where Was Jesus Before His Birth?

A common question is: “Where was Jesus Christ before He was born? Was He in Heaven before His birth? Or did His life begin at birth?” What does the Bible say?

John 1:1, 14 – “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God… And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us…”

This passage clearly teaches that Jesus Christ, the Word, is God. Therefore, Jesus existed before He was born into this world.

Furthermore:

John 1:3 – “All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made.”

This verse affirms that Jesus Christ is the Creator of everything. If Christ created all things, He had to exist before anything was made—including before His incarnation.

Christophany: Christ Appearing in the Old Testament

What is a Christophany?
The term Christophany comes from two Greek words:

  • Christos – meaning Christ
  • Phaneroō – meaning to reveal or make manifest

A Christophany is a visible manifestation or appearance of Christ before His incarnation in the New Testament.

Scriptural Foundation:

  1. God is Spirit – John 4:24 – A spirit cannot be seen or touched.
  2. No one has seen God (the Father) – 1 John 4:12; John 1:18
  3. Jesus is the image of the invisible God – Colossians 1:15

Therefore, visible appearances of “God” in the Old Testament are appearances of the Second Person of the Trinity—Jesus Christ.

Examples of Christophanies:

  1. To Abraham – Genesis 18
  2. To Gideon (Angel of the LORD) – Judges 6:11–24
  3. To Samson’s parents – Judges 13:21–22
  4. To Hagar (Angel of the LORD) – Genesis 16:7–13
  5. To Isaac – Genesis 26:2, 24
  6. To Jacob – Genesis 32:24–32 – Wrestled with a man; Jacob later says, “I have seen God face to face.”

Christophanies do not contradict the incarnation of Christ or the doctrine of the virgin birth. Taking the form of a man temporarily in the Old Testament is not the same as becoming man through birth.

The Birth of Jesus Christ

There are several reasons why Jesus Christ came into the world:

  1. To save sinners – Luke 19:10
  2. To put away sin – 1 John 3:5
  3. To destroy the works of Satan – Hebrews 2:14

The Deity and Humanity of Christ

Jesus is both:

  • Fully God – John 1:1
  • Fully man – John 1:14

The Virgin Birth of Jesus Christ

Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born of the virgin Mary, fulfilling prophecy and preserving His divine nature.

Isaiah 7:14 – “Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign; Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel.”

Why the Virgin Birth Matters:

Many false teachers have denied this doctrine. But if Jesus were not born of a virgin:

  • He would have had a human father.
  • He would not be God.
  • He could not be our Savior.
  • Major portions of Scripture (Isaiah, Matthew, Luke, John) would be false.

The Virgin Birth is therefore an essential doctrine and one of the most foundational truths in all of Scripture.

Key Biblical Passages on the Virgin Birth

1. The First Promise of a Savior

Genesis 3:15 – “And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed…”

  • The phrase “her seed” implies the Savior would have no human father.

2. Prophecy of Isaiah

Isaiah 7:14 – “Behold, a virgin shall conceive…”

  • Explicitly prophesies a virgin birth, affirming the divine nature of Christ.

Gospel Accounts of Jesus' Birth

A. Matthew 1:16–25

  • v.18 – “Before they came together…”
    Mary was pregnant before her marriage to Joseph, affirming her purity.
  • v.20 – “Conceived of the Holy Ghost”
    Jesus' conception was a miraculous act of God.
  • v.25 – “And knew her not till she had brought forth her firstborn son…”
    Mary remained a virgin until Jesus was born.

B. Luke 1:26–35

  • v.27 – Mary is explicitly described as a virgin.
  • v.34 – Mary herself affirms she has not known a man.
  • v.35 – The angel tells Mary the conception will be by the power of the Holy Ghost.

The Person and Work of Jesus Christ

1. The Person of Jesus Christ
“And without controversy great is the mystery of godliness: God was manifest in the flesh...”
— 2 Timothy 3:16

The Lord Jesus Christ is the eternal Son of God, fully divine and truly human. He is not half-God and half-man; rather, He is fully God and fully man—100% God and 100% man—in one Person. This union is essential to the redemptive plan of God and leads us to consider two critical questions:

Why did Jesus have to be fully man?
Because mankind sinned, it was necessary for a man to bear the penalty for sin. Only by becoming human could Christ represent humanity and atone for sin through His substitutionary death.

Why did Jesus have to be fully God?
Only God is sinless and capable of offering a perfect sacrifice. A sinner cannot die for another sinner. Therefore, only the sinless Son of God—truly divine—could die a death sufficient to satisfy divine justice.

2. The Deity of Jesus Christ

The Scriptures plainly declare the deity of Christ:

John 1:1 – “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.”

Jesus Christ is the eternal Word who was with God and is God. He possesses all the attributes of divinity: omnipotence, omniscience, omnipresence, holiness, and eternality.

3. The Humanity of Jesus Christ

Christ not only is God but also became fully human.

Galatians 4:4 – “But when the fulness of the time was come, God sent forth his Son, made of a woman, made under the law.”

Jesus was born of a woman, lived under the Mosaic law, and experienced the limitations and sufferings of humanity—yet without sin. He ate, slept, wept, and felt sorrow and joy. His humanity is as real as His deity.

4. The Atonement of Jesus Christ

The atoning work of Christ is the heart of the Gospel. Through His death and resurrection, Jesus reconciles sinners to God. The New Testament uses several profound terms to describe this work:

a. Substitution
Christ died in the place of sinners, bearing the punishment that we deserved.

  • Romans 5:8 – “But God commendeth his love toward us, in that, while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us.”
  • 2 Corinthians 5:21 – “For he hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin; that we might be made the righteousness of God in him.”

b. Propitiation
Jesus’ sacrifice satisfies the righteous wrath of God against sin.

  • 1 John 2:2 – “And he is the propitiation for our sins: and not for ours only, but also for the sins of the whole world.”

c. Redemption
By His blood, Christ redeems—buys back—those enslaved to sin and sets them free.

  • Ephesians 1:7 – “In whom we have redemption through his blood…”
  • 1 Peter 1:18-19 – “…ye were not redeemed with corruptible things… but with the precious blood of Christ…”

d. Reconciliation
Through the cross, Christ brings peace between God and man, restoring fellowship.

  • Colossians 1:20 – “And, having made peace through the blood of his cross, by him to reconcile all things unto himself…”

5. The Blood of Jesus Christ

The atonement necessitated not only death but the shedding of blood, as this was the divine requirement for the forgiveness of sins.

  • Exodus 12:13 – “…when I see the blood, I will pass over you…”
  • Hebrews 9:22 – “…without shedding of blood is no remission.”

The blood of Christ justifies, redeems, and cleanses the believer:

  • Romans 5:9 – “Being now justified by his blood, we shall be saved from wrath through him.”

6. The Resurrection of Jesus Christ

The resurrection is the vindication of Christ’s person and work. His death would have been in vain if He had not risen. But Christ did rise, and His resurrection is well-attested in Scripture and history.

a. The Empty Tomb

  • Luke 24:3 – “And they entered in, and found not the body of the Lord Jesus.”

b. The Testimony of the Angel

  • Mark 16:6 – “…He is risen; he is not here…”

c. Post-Resurrection Appearances

  • To Mary – John 20:16
  • To Simon – Luke 24:34
  • To the disciples – John 20:19
  • To Peter and John – John 21:5
  • To the eleven – Matthew 28:16–17

d. Apostolic Preaching

  • Acts 2:32 – “This Jesus hath God raised up, whereof we all are witnesses.”
  • Acts 4:2 – “…preached through Jesus the resurrection from the dead.”
  • Acts 13:30 – “But God raised him from the dead.”

e. The First Day of the Week
Christians began to meet on the first day in honor of the resurrection.

  • Acts 20:7
  • 1 Corinthians 16:2

f. Christ’s Own Testimony

  • Revelation 1:18 – “I am he that liveth, and was dead; and, behold, I am alive for evermore…”

The Work of Jesus Christ

The work of Jesus Christ can be understood in three stages: His past, present, and future work.

1. The Past Work of Jesus Christ – His Earthly Mission

Jesus did many things during His time on earth (John 21:25). Though He taught and set a good example, His greatest mission was to save sinners.

  • Luke 19:10 – “For the Son of man is come to seek and to save that which was lost.”

The central focus of Christ’s earthly ministry was the cross—where He died to take away our sins.

2. The Present Work of Jesus Christ – His Heavenly Ministry

After His ascension, Jesus continues His work from Heaven. He now represents believers before God the Father.

  • 1 John 2:1 – “...if any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous:”

His present work deals with our ongoing relationship with God and our current struggles with sin.

A. Jesus Intercedes for Us

  • Romans 8:34 – “...It is Christ that died, yea rather, that is risen again... who also maketh intercession for us.”

B. Jesus is Our Mediator

  • 1 Timothy 2:5 – “For there is one God, and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus;”

C. Jesus Gives Us Access to God

  • Hebrews 4:14–16 – “...Let us therefore come boldly unto the throne of grace, that we may obtain mercy, and find grace to help in time of need.”

3. The Future Work of Jesus Christ – His Glorious Return

Many promises about Jesus are yet to be fulfilled. One day, Jesus will return.

  • The first stage of His return is called the Rapture—when He comes for believers.
  • The second stage is His Second Coming—when He comes to reign and judge.

The Three Offices of Jesus Christ

Jesus Christ fulfills three great offices in God’s redemptive plan:

Prophet – He speaks God’s truth to us.

  • Hebrews 1:1–2 – “God... hath in these last days spoken unto us by his Son…”

Priest – He offered Himself as a sacrifice and now intercedes for us.

  • Hebrews 7:25–27 – “...He ever liveth to make intercession for them...”

King – He reigns as Lord over all creation.

  • Revelation 19:16 – “...KING OF KINGS, AND LORD OF LORDS.”

MODULE 4: DOCTRINE OF HOLY SPIRIT (Pneumatology)

The Holy Spirit is the third Person of the Triune God—equal in essence and glory with the Father and the Son. His personhood and divine work are clearly revealed throughout Scripture.

1. The Personhood and Deity of the Holy Spirit

The Holy Spirit is not a force or impersonal power. He is personal—possessing intellect, will, and emotion—and fully divine.

  • Acts 5:3–4 – “...why hath Satan filled thine heart to lie to the Holy Ghost?... thou hast not lied unto men, but unto God.”
    Lying to the Holy Spirit is lying to God—revealing His divine nature.

The Spirit speaks (Acts 13:2), teaches (John 14:26), can be grieved (Ephesians 4:30), and searches all things (1 Corinthians 2:10).

2. The Role of the Holy Spirit in Inspiration and Regeneration

A. Inspiration of Scripture

The Holy Spirit guided the writing of Scripture, ensuring its truth and divine authority.

  • 2 Peter 1:21 – “...holy men of God spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost.”

B. Regeneration of the Believer

He gives spiritual life to sinners, enabling them to enter the kingdom of God.

  • John 3:5–6 – “...Except a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God... that which is born of the Spirit is spirit.”

3. The Spirit’s Work in the Believer

At salvation, the Holy Spirit accomplishes several works in the believer:

A. Indwelling

He comes to live in every believer.

  • 1 Corinthians 6:19 – “...your body is the temple of the Holy Ghost which is in you...”

B. Baptism

He places the believer into the body of Christ.

  • Acts 1:5 – “...ye shall be baptized with the Holy Ghost not many days hence.”

C. Sealing

He seals the believer as a mark of divine ownership and security.

  • Ephesians 1:13 – “...after that ye believed, ye were sealed with that holy Spirit of promise.”

D. Filling

He fills believers for power, service, and holy living. Unlike indwelling, filling can vary depending on obedience and surrender.

  • Ephesians 5:18 – “...be filled with the Spirit;”

4. The Gifts of the Holy Spirit

The Holy Spirit gives spiritual gifts to every believer for the building up of the Church.

  • 1 Corinthians 12:4–7 – “Now there are diversities of gifts, but the same Spirit...”

These include gifts such as wisdom, knowledge, faith, healing, miracles, prophecy, discernment, tongues, and interpretation—given as the Spirit wills (1 Corinthians 12:11).

5. The Fruit of the Holy Spirit

The Spirit produces godly character in believers as they walk in Him.

  • Galatians 5:22–23 – “But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, longsuffering, gentleness, goodness, faith, meekness, temperance...”

This fruit is evidence of the Spirit’s transforming work in sanctification.

6. The Holy Spirit in Sanctification and Empowerment

A. Sanctification

He sets believers apart for God’s holy purposes, transforming them into Christ’s image.

  • 2 Thessalonians 2:13 – “...God hath from the beginning chosen you to salvation through sanctification of the Spirit...”

B. Empowerment for Witness and Ministry

The Spirit empowers believers to proclaim the Gospel and live out their faith boldly.

  • Acts 1:8 – “But ye shall receive power, after that the Holy Ghost is come upon you: and ye shall be witnesses unto me...”

MODULE 5: Doctrine of Man (Anthropology)

The doctrine of man addresses the origin, nature, purpose, and responsibility of humanity according to the Word of God. Man is not a product of chance but a purposeful creation, made in the image of God, accountable to Him in all things.

1. The Creation of Man

God created man directly and deliberately as the pinnacle of His creation.

  • Genesis 1:27 – “So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.”

Man was created male and female—not by accident or evolution, but by divine design. Both genders share equal dignity and worth before God, though they have distinct roles.

2. The Image of God in Man

Man was uniquely created in the image of God, reflecting aspects of God's character, such as reason, morality, creativity, relationality, and authority.

  • Genesis 1:26 – “And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion...”

This image includes the capacity to know God, to reflect His attributes in righteousness and holiness, and to exercise dominion over creation as His vice-regent.

Though the Fall marred the image, it was not lost. In Christ, the image is being renewed (Colossians 3:10).

3. The Purpose of Man

Man was created for God’s glory—to worship, serve, and delight in Him forever.

  • Isaiah 43:7 – “Even every one that is called by my name: for I have created him for my glory, I have formed him; yea, I have made him.”

The Westminster Shorter Catechism rightly states: “Man’s chief end is to glorify God, and to enjoy Him forever.”

True meaning and fulfillment in life can only be found in fellowship with the Creator, not apart from Him.

4. Free Will and Moral Responsibility

God endowed man with a will capable of choice. Before the Fall, man had the freedom and ability to obey God. After the Fall, man’s will is in bondage to sin and needs divine grace for true obedience (Romans 3:10–12; John 6:44).

  • Deuteronomy 30:19 – “I call heaven and earth to record this day against you, that I have set before you life and death, blessing and cursing: therefore choose life...”

While God is sovereign, man is still morally responsible for his decisions. The call to repentance and faith is universal, and judgment is based on how man responds to God's revealed truth.

MODULE 6: Doctrine of Sin (Hamartiology)

The doctrine of sin (Hamartiology) addresses the origin, nature, extent, and consequences of sin as revealed in Scripture. To understand the glory of salvation, we must first grasp the depth and seriousness of sin. Sin is not merely a mistake or weakness—it is rebellion against a holy God.

1. The Origin of Sin

Sin originated not with man but with Lucifer, a created angel who rebelled against God.

  • Isaiah 14:12–15 – “How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning!... For thou hast said in thine heart, I will ascend into heaven... I will be like the most High.”

Lucifer’s pride and desire to usurp God's throne led to his fall. Later, sin entered the human race through Adam, the federal head of mankind.

  • Romans 5:12 – “Wherefore, as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned.”

Adam’s disobedience introduced sin into the human realm and brought death upon all.

2. The Nature of Sin

Sin is essentially lawlessness, a willful violation of God's holy law and character.

  • 1 John 3:4 – “Whosoever committeth sin transgresseth also the law: for sin is the transgression of the law.”

Sin is not just external behavior but includes thoughts, motives, and desires contrary to God’s holiness. It is active rebellion and passive indifference toward God.

3. Total Depravity

Man is totally depraved, meaning that every part of his being—mind, will, emotions, and body—is affected by sin. This does not mean every person is as wicked as possible, but that no part of man is untouched by sin, and he cannot please God apart from grace.

  • Romans 3:10–12 – “As it is written, There is none righteous, no, not one: … There is none that understandeth, there is none that seeketh after God.”

Even man’s righteousness is as filthy rags (Isaiah 64:6). Apart from God’s intervention, man is spiritually dead (Ephesians 2:1).

4. The Consequences of Sin

The result of sin is death—physical, spiritual, and eternal.

  • Romans 6:23 – “For the wages of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord.”

Sin separates man from God (Isaiah 59:2), brings guilt and judgment, and ultimately leads to eternal condemnation in hell if left unforgiven (Revelation 20:15).

5. The Transmission of Sin

Sin is passed down to every human being through Adam, our federal representative.

  • Romans 5:12–19 – “… by one man’s disobedience many were made sinners...”

We inherit both the guilt and corruption of Adam’s sin. This is why even infants are born with a sinful nature (Psalm 51:5). Only in Christ—the Second Adam—can mankind find righteousness and restoration.

MODULE 7:Doctrine of Salvation (Soteriology)

Soteriology is the study of God’s gracious work in saving sinners. Salvation is not initiated by man, but is entirely a work of God from beginning to end. It is rooted in eternity past, accomplished in time through Jesus Christ, and will be completed in eternity future. Below is a biblical overview of the key stages in the doctrine of salvation.

1. Election and Predestination

God's plan of salvation began before the foundation of the world. Election is God’s sovereign choice of individuals to be saved, not based on their merit, but according to His will and love.

  • Ephesians 1:4–5 – “According as he hath chosen us in him before the foundation of the world… Having predestinated us unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ to himself, according to the good pleasure of his will.”

Predestination refers to God’s predetermined plan to conform the elect to the image of His Son (Romans 8:29).

2. Calling

God calls sinners to Himself through two means:

A. External Calling

This is the general call of the gospel to all people, proclaiming salvation through Jesus Christ.

  • Mark 16:15 – “Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature.”

B. Internal Calling

This is the effectual call of the Holy Spirit, where the heart is powerfully drawn to Christ.

  • Romans 8:30 – “Moreover whom he did predestinate, them he also called…”

The internal call is always effective—it results in the sinner coming to Christ.

3. Regeneration (New Birth)

Regeneration is the act of God whereby He imparts spiritual life to the sinner. It is the new birth, making the person a new creation in Christ.

  • Titus 3:5 – “Not by works of righteousness which we have done, but according to his mercy he saved us, by the washing of regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Ghost.”

The sinner is born from above, enabled to see and enter the kingdom of God (John 3:3–5).

4. Conversion: Repentance and Faith

Regeneration results in conversion, the human response to God’s saving grace, consisting of repentance and faith.

  • Acts 20:21 – “Testifying both to the Jews, and also to the Greeks, repentance toward God, and faith toward our Lord Jesus Christ.”

Repentance is a turning from sin; faith is a turning to Christ. Both are gifts of grace and are inseparable in true salvation.

5. Justification

Justification is God’s legal declaration that a sinner is righteous based on the righteousness of Christ imputed to them by faith.

  • Romans 5:1 – “Therefore being justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ.”

The believer is no longer condemned but stands forgiven and accepted in God’s sight.

6. Adoption

Adoption is the act of God whereby He makes justified sinners His beloved children.

  • John 1:12 – “But as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God…”

We are brought into God's family, sharing in the privileges, inheritance, and love of the Father.

7. Sanctification

Sanctification is both a definitive and progressive work. At conversion, believers are set apart as holy. Then, throughout life, the Spirit conforms them more into the likeness of Christ.

  • 1 Thessalonians 4:3 – “For this is the will of God, even your sanctification…”

It involves the believer’s cooperation through the Word, prayer, and obedience.

8. Perseverance and Glorification

God preserves His people so that they will never fall away, and He will glorify them at Christ’s return.

  • Philippians 1:6 – “Being confident of this very thing, that he which hath begun a good work in you will perform it until the day of Jesus Christ.”
  • Romans 8:30 – “Whom he justified, them he also glorified.”

Glorification is the final state of the believer—perfected in body and soul, free from sin forever.

9. Union with Christ

Union with Christ is the foundational reality of salvation. All the blessings of salvation flow from being united to Christ by the Spirit through faith.

  • Galatians 2:20 – “I am crucified with Christ: nevertheless I live; yet not I, but Christ liveth in me…”

The believer lives in Christ and Christ lives in him—this union is spiritual, vital, and eternal.

MODULE 8: Doctrine of Angels (Angelology)

Angelology is the study of created spiritual beings who serve in God's heavenly and earthly purposes. Scripture reveals both faithful angels who serve God and fallen angels who oppose Him. Understanding their nature, roles, and impact is essential for a biblical worldview and for engaging in spiritual warfare with discernment and confidence in Christ.

1. Nature and Ministry of Angels

Angels are immaterial, created spirit beings who serve God and minister to His people. They are not omnipresent, omnipotent, or omniscient. Their existence highlights God’s sovereign design in using agents to accomplish His will.

  • Hebrews 1:14 – “Are they not all ministering spirits, sent forth to minister for them who shall be heirs of salvation?”

Angels frequently appear in Scripture delivering messages, protecting God’s people, executing judgment, and worshipping around His throne.

2. Classes of Angels

Scripture identifies various classes of angels, each with unique roles and characteristics:

A. Cherubim

Guardians of God's holiness and presence. First mentioned guarding the entrance to Eden.

  • Genesis 3:24 – “So he drove out the man; and he placed at the east of the garden of Eden Cherubims… to keep the way of the tree of life.”

B. Seraphim

Angels of worship, who proclaim the holiness of God continually.

  • Isaiah 6:2 – “Above it stood the seraphims… And one cried unto another, and said, Holy, holy, holy, is the Lord of hosts…”

C. Archangels

A high-ranking class of angels, the most notable being Michael.

  • Jude 9 – “Yet Michael the archangel… durst not bring against him a railing accusation…”

Each class reveals the order, glory, and purpose of the angelic realm in God’s economy.

3. Doctrine of Satan

Satan was originally a high-ranking angel who rebelled against God out of pride. He is now the chief adversary of God and His people.

  • Isaiah 14:12–15 – “How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer… For thou hast said in thine heart, I will ascend into heaven… I will be like the most High.”

  • 1 Peter 5:8 – “Be sober, be vigilant; because your adversary the devil… walketh about, seeking whom he may devour.”

He is called the “father of lies” (John 8:44), the “god of this world” (2 Corinthians 4:4), and the accuser of the brethren (Revelation 12:10). Though powerful, Satan is a defeated foe through Christ's death and resurrection.

4. Demons

Demons are fallen angels who followed Satan in his rebellion against God. They are actively involved in deception, temptation, and spiritual oppression.

  • Luke 8:30 – “And Jesus asked him, saying, What is thy name? And he said, Legion: because many devils were entered into him.”

Though they are numerous and hostile, believers need not fear them, for Christ has authority over all demonic powers (Mark 1:27).

5. Spiritual Warfare

Believers are engaged in a spiritual battle against unseen evil forces. This warfare is not physical but spiritual and must be fought with spiritual armor provided by God.

  • Ephesians 6:12 – “For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers… against spiritual wickedness in high places.”

Victory is assured in Christ, but believers are commanded to “put on the whole armour of God” (Ephesians 6:11) and to stand firm in the truth, righteousness, and power of God through prayer, faith, and Scripture.

This doctrine calls us to sober awareness of the spiritual realm, gratitude for angelic assistance under God's command, and vigilant resistance against demonic influences. Ultimately, our hope and victory rest in Jesus Christ, the Lord of hosts, who has triumphed over all powers and principalities (Colossians 2:15).

MODULE 9: Doctrine of the Church (Ecclesiology)

The doctrine of the Church is foundational for understanding God’s purpose and plan for His people on earth. The Church is not just a building or institution but the Body of Christ, made up of all true believers united by faith in Him. It is both a visible community and a spiritual reality.

1. Definition of the Church

The Church is the Body of Christ, composed of all believers across all times and places, united in Him.

  • Ephesians 1:22–23 – “And hath put all things under his feet, and gave him to be the head over all things to the church, Which is his body, the fullness of him that filleth all in all.”

This definition highlights the Church’s organic unity with Christ as its head and emphasizes its role as His representation on earth.

2. Universal vs. Local Church

  • The Universal Church refers to the whole body of true believers worldwide, past, present, and future.

  • The Local Church is a specific assembly of believers who gather for worship, teaching, fellowship, and mission.

  • 1 Corinthians 1:2 – Paul addresses the church “which is at Corinth,” showing the importance of local gatherings in the life of believers.

The universal and local aspects complement each other, as believers both belong to the one true Church and are called to live out their faith in local communities.

3. Marks of a True Church

A genuine Church will display certain essential marks that show it is faithful to Christ’s commission:

  • Preaching of the Word: Sound, faithful teaching of Scripture.

  • Proper Administration of the Sacraments: Baptism and the Lord’s Supper rightly administered.

  • Church Discipline: Correction and restoration of members according to biblical standards.

  • Acts 2:42 – “And they continued stedfastly in the apostles' doctrine and fellowship, and in breaking of bread, and in prayers.”

These marks protect the Church’s purity and witness in the world.

4. Church Offices: Elders and Deacons

God has ordained offices for orderly leadership and service within the Church.

  • Elders (Pastors/Overseers): Shepherd the flock, teach, and provide spiritual oversight.

  • Deacons: Serve practical needs and assist elders.

  • 1 Timothy 3:1–13 outlines qualifications for these offices, emphasizing godly character and ability to lead or serve faithfully.

These offices ensure the Church functions healthily, both spiritually and practically.

5. Ordinances of the Church

The Church is commanded to observe two ordinances as visible signs and seals of the Gospel:

  • Baptism: The believer’s public identification with Christ’s death and resurrection.

    • Matthew 28:19 – “Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.”

  • The Lord’s Supper (Communion): A remembrance and proclamation of Christ’s sacrifice until He returns.

    • 1 Corinthians 11:23–26 – Jesus institutes the Supper as a lasting ordinance to proclaim His death.

These ordinances nurture faith and symbolize union with Christ and His body.

6. Church Functions

The Church exists to fulfill several vital roles in the life of believers and the world:

  • Worship: Corporate praise and adoration of God.

  • Discipline: Maintaining holiness and repentance.

  • Fellowship: Mutual care and encouragement among believers.

  • Mission: Proclaiming the Gospel and making disciples.

  • Acts 2:42–47 describes the early church’s devotion to these functions.

  • Matthew 18:15–17 provides guidance on discipline within the community.

These functions preserve the Church’s health and extend its influence.

7. Spiritual Gifts in the Church

God graciously gives spiritual gifts to believers for the common good, to build up the Church and advance the Gospel.

  • Romans 12:6–8 – “Having then gifts differing according to the grace that is given to us, whether prophecy, let us prophesy according to the proportion of faith…”

These gifts vary but all point to serving one another in love and unity under Christ’s headship.

8. Church and State

God ordains different roles for the Church and the State, each with its own sphere of authority and responsibility.

  • Romans 13:1–7 teaches submission to governing authorities as established by God.
  • The Church’s role is primarily spiritual and moral, while the State governs civil order.
  • Both institutions must honor God’s authority and work for justice and peace.

This distinction protects the Church’s freedom to preach the Gospel without undue interference.

9. Three Forms of Church Government

Different churches practice different forms of government, reflecting various ways to maintain biblical order and accountability:

  • Episcopalian: Hierarchical leadership with bishops overseeing multiple churches.
  • Presbyterian: Leadership by elders (presbyters) who govern locally and through regional courts.
  • Congregational: Each local church governs itself democratically, with members having a voice.

Each form aims to glorify God through faithful leadership and mutual accountability.

Conclusion:

The doctrine of the Church reminds believers that we are members of a living, growing body united in Christ. We are called to faithfulness in worship, teaching, fellowship, discipline, and mission. Whether we meet locally or think of the universal body, our hope is in the Head—Jesus Christ—who builds and sustains His Church until His glorious return.

MODULE 10: DOCTRINE OF LAST THINGS (Eschatology)

Eschatology is the study of “last things” — death, judgment, the return of Christ, and the final state of both the righteous and the wicked. It reminds believers that history is moving toward a divinely appointed end where God will be glorified in justice and mercy. This doctrine calls us to live in hope, holiness, and readiness.

1. Death and the Intermediate State

Death is not the end but a transition into the presence of God for the believer, or a state of conscious torment for the unbeliever.

  • Philippians 1:23 – Paul desires “to depart, and to be with Christ; which is far better.”
  • Luke 16:22–23 – The righteous man is comforted, while the unrighteous man is tormented.

This intermediate state is temporary, awaiting the resurrection and final judgment.

2. Resurrection of the Just and the Unjust

All people will be bodily raised — the righteous to eternal life, the wicked to eternal judgment.

  • John 5:28–29 – “All that are in the graves shall hear his voice… they that have done good… unto the resurrection of life; and they that have done evil… unto the resurrection of damnation.”

This truth confirms the universal scope of God’s justice and the certainty of our accountability before Him.

3. The Second Coming of Christ

Christ will return personally, visibly, and gloriously at the end of the age.

  • Revelation 1:7 – “Behold, he cometh with clouds; and every eye shall see him…”

His return is the blessed hope of the Church and the final triumph of God over all evil.

4. Views of the Millennium

Christ’s reign described in Revelation 20 has been interpreted in various ways throughout Church history:

a. Premillennialism

  • Christ returns before a literal thousand-year reign on earth.
  • Revelation 20:1–6 – Satan is bound; the saints reign with Christ.

b. Amillennialism

  • The “millennium” is symbolic of Christ’s current spiritual reign through the Church.
  • Colossians 1:13 – Believers are already transferred into the kingdom of Christ.

c. Postmillennialism

  • The Gospel will triumph throughout the world before Christ returns.
  • Matthew 28:19–20 – The Church is called to disciple all nations.

d. Preterism

  • Many end-time prophecies were fulfilled in the first century, especially in the destruction of Jerusalem.
  • Matthew 24:34 – “This generation shall not pass, till all these things be fulfilled.”

Though these views differ, all affirm Christ’s ultimate return in glory.

5. The Rapture

This refers to the catching up of believers to meet Christ in the air.

  • 1 Thessalonians 4:16–17 – “The dead in Christ shall rise first… then we which are alive… shall be caught up… to meet the Lord in the air.”

Some understand this as a distinct event from Christ’s final return; others see it as one simultaneous event.

6. The Tribulation

A time of great distress and suffering before the return of Christ.

  • Matthew 24:21 – “For then shall be great tribulation, such as was not since the beginning of the world…”

Different views exist on whether the Church will go through the tribulation or be raptured before it.

7. Two Judgments

a. Bema Seat of Christ

  • Believers are judged not for condemnation, but for rewards based on faithfulness.

    • 2 Corinthians 5:10 – “We must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ…”

b. Great White Throne Judgment

  • Final judgment of the wicked, leading to eternal separation from God.

    • Revelation 20:11–15 – The dead are judged according to their works; those not in the Book of Life are cast into the lake of fire.

These judgments display God’s justice and mercy in their fullest expression.

8. The Millennium

A period of Christ’s reign, either literal or symbolic depending on the eschatological view.

  • Revelation 20:4–6 – Saints reign with Christ for a thousand years; Satan is bound.

It is a time of peace, righteousness, and vindication of God’s people.

9. The Eternal State: Heaven or Hell

All history moves toward one final destination for every soul.

  • Revelation 21:1–4 – A new heaven and a new earth; God will dwell with His people forever.
  • Matthew 25:46 – “These shall go away into everlasting punishment: but the righteous into life eternal.”

Heaven is the believer’s eternal home, while hell is the just punishment for unrepentant sin.

Conclusion

The doctrine of the Last Things should not breed speculation, fear, or apathy, but rather hope, holiness, and urgency. Christ is coming. Death is not the end. Eternal joy or judgment awaits. Therefore, let us live with sober-minded faith, pursue righteousness, and call others to trust in Christ while there is time.

  • Titus 2:13 – “Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ.”

MODULE 11: DOCTRINE OF CHRISTIAN LIVING (Practical Theology)

The doctrine of Christian living, often called Practical Theology, deals with how believers ought to live in light of God's saving grace. It flows from right belief to right behavior, showing that the Gospel transforms every area of life. The Christian life is a response to God’s mercy and a witness to the world.

1. Christian Ethics

True Christian ethics begin with a heart transformed by God and a life conformed to His will.

  • Micah 6:8 – “He hath shewed thee… what doth the Lord require of thee, but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God?”

Believers are called to act justly, love mercy, and walk humbly—not by mere external conformity but from a life shaped by God’s Word.

2. Law of God: Reveals Sin and Guides Life

God’s Law reveals our sin, drives us to Christ, and instructs us in holiness.

  • Galatians 3:24 – “The law was our schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ…”
  • Romans 13:8–10 – Love is the fulfillment of the Law.

While we are no longer under the condemnation of the Law, it remains a guide for Christian conduct and love.

3. Prayer and Devotion

The Christian life is sustained by communion with God through prayer and devotion.

  • 1 Thessalonians 5:17 – “Pray without ceasing.”

Prayer is not only a duty but a delight, aligning our hearts with God’s will and drawing strength from His presence.

4. Evangelism and Discipleship

Believers are called to proclaim the Gospel and nurture others in the faith.

  • Matthew 28:19–20 – “Go… teach all nations… teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you.”

Evangelism spreads the Gospel; discipleship matures the believer. Both are essential to the Great Commission.

5. Suffering and Perseverance

Trials are part of the Christian journey and are used by God for sanctification.

  • Romans 5:3–5 – “Tribulation worketh patience… experience… and hope.”

Suffering refines our faith and deepens our reliance on God. Perseverance is evidence of genuine faith.

6. Christian Liberty and Conscience

In matters not clearly commanded or forbidden, believers are free to act according to conscience, guided by love.

  • Galatians 5:13 – “Use not liberty for an occasion to the flesh, but by love serve one another.”

Christian liberty is not a license to sin, but a call to serve others humbly while walking wisely.

7. Spirit-Filled Living

The Holy Spirit empowers the believer to resist sin and grow in Christlikeness.

  • Galatians 5:16 – “Walk in the Spirit, and ye shall not fulfil the lust of the flesh.”

To live by the Spirit means to submit to His leading, bear His fruit, and pursue holiness with joy.

8. Christian and Culture

Christians are called to engage culture biblically — not to conform, but to transform.

  • Romans 12:2 (implied) – “Be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind…”

Believers should shine the light of Christ in every sphere of life: family, work, politics, media, and education. Engagement must be rooted in Scripture, not driven by the trends of the world.

Conclusion

Christian living is not mere morality — it is Gospel-empowered obedience. It is daily dying to self and living unto God in all things. As we grow in grace, we display the beauty of holiness to a watching world and give glory to the One who called us out of darkness into His marvelous light.

  • 1 Peter 1:15–16 – “Be ye holy in all manner of conversation… because it is written, Be ye holy; for I am holy.”

By Kenneth Malenge

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