Gospel of John

Commentary on the Gospel of John

Structure of the Gospel of John

Theme: Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and believing in Him gives eternal life (John 20:31).

Outline of the Book:

Prologue: The Word Became Flesh (1:1–18)
Public Ministry of Jesus – Book of Signs (1:19–12:50)
- First Disciples (1:19–51)
- Signs (Water to wine, healing, feeding, etc.)
Private Ministry – Book of Glory (13:1–17:26)
- Upper Room Discourses (13–16)
- High Priestly Prayer (17)
Passion and Resurrection (18:1–20:31)
Epilogue: Restoration and Commission (21:1–25)

I. Structure of John Chapter 1

The Eternal Word (1:1–5)
Witness of John the Baptist (1:6–8, 15, 19–34)
The Incarnation and Its Rejection (1:9–13)
The Word Became Flesh (1:14, 16–18)
The Lamb of God and the First Disciples (1:35–51)

II. Commentary on John Chapter 1

1. The Eternal Word (John 1:1–5)

Verses 1–2: "In the beginning was the Word..."

Principal Teaching: Jesus is eternal, divine, and personal. He is distinct from the Father but fully God.
Doctrinal Emphasis: Christ's deity; eternal existence; distinction within the Godhead.
Theology: Jesus is the Logos, pre-existent and co-eternal with the Father.

Verse 3: "All things were made by him..."

Principal Teaching: Jesus is the Creator of all.
Doctrine: Christ as Creator (cf. Col. 1:16).
Application: All creation owes its existence to Him; worship and trust Him.

Verse 4–5: "In him was life..."

Principal Teaching: Jesus is the source of life and light in a dark world.
Doctrine: Spiritual life and revelation come through Christ.
Application: Turn to Christ for true life; walk in His light.

2. The Witness of John the Baptist (John 1:6–8, 15, 19–34)

Verses 6–8: John was sent to bear witness to the Light.

Principal Teaching: John’s role was to prepare and point to Christ.
Doctrine: Human ministry as testimony to divine truth.
Application: Like John, we are witnesses, not the Light.

Verses 19–28: John denies being the Christ and quotes Isaiah 40.

Theology: True humility in ministry; John knew his place.
Doctrine: Jesus is Messiah; John is His forerunner.
Application: Know your calling; always exalt Christ, not self.

Verses 29–34: "Behold the Lamb of God..."

Principal Teaching: Jesus is the sin-bearing Lamb.
Doctrine: Substitutionary atonement; Jesus as the fulfillment of OT types.
Theology: The Spirit confirms Jesus’ identity; He baptizes with the Holy Spirit.
Application: Receive Jesus as the Lamb who takes away your sin.

3. The Incarnation and Its Rejection (John 1:9–13)

Verses 9–11: The Light came to His own, but they rejected Him.

Principal Teaching: Jesus was rejected by the world and Israel.
Doctrine: Total depravity; man's blindness to spiritual truth.
Application: Do not reject the Light; recognize Christ's true identity.

Verses 12–13: "As many as received him..."

Principal Teaching: Faith in Christ gives the right to become God's children.
Doctrine: Regeneration is by God, not by human will or lineage.
Theology: Adoption into God’s family is by grace through faith.
Application: Receive Him and rest in your identity as God's child.

4. The Word Became Flesh (John 1:14, 16–18)

Verse 14: "The Word was made flesh..."

Principal Teaching: The eternal Word became truly human.
Doctrine: The Incarnation; Christ’s full deity and full humanity.
Theology: Jesus tabernacled among us, revealing God's glory.
Application: Worship the Incarnate One; emulate His grace and truth.

Verses 16–18: Grace and truth came through Jesus.

Principal Teaching: Jesus surpasses Moses; He fully reveals the Father.
Doctrine: Christ is the ultimate revelation of God.
Theology: No one has seen God; Jesus reveals Him perfectly.
Application: Trust Jesus to know God; read the Gospels to see Him.

5. The Lamb of God and the First Disciples (John 1:35–51)

Verses 35–39: John points his disciples to Jesus.

Principal Teaching: True discipleship begins with seeking Jesus.
Doctrine: The call to follow Christ is personal.
Application: Invite others to “come and see” Jesus.

Verses 40–42: Andrew brings Peter.

Teaching: Evangelism is relational.
Doctrine: Christ gives a new identity (Simon becomes Peter).
Application: Share Christ with family and friends.

Verses 43–46: Jesus calls Philip and Nathanael.

Teaching: Jesus takes initiative in calling disciples.
Doctrine: Personal call; grace precedes response.
Application: Be faithful to introduce others to Christ.

Verses 47–51: Jesus reveals Nathanael’s heart and promises greater things.

Teaching: Jesus knows all; He is Jacob’s ladder.
Doctrine: Jesus is the connection between heaven and earth.
Theology: He is the fulfillment of OT revelation.
Application: Follow Him in awe; expect great things from Him.

Summary of Key Doctrines in John 1

Christ's Deity and Eternity (vv. 1–2)
Christ as Creator and Life-Giver (v. 3–4)
Human Rejection and Divine Regeneration (vv. 10–13)
The Incarnation (v. 14)
Substitutionary Atonement (v. 29)
Christ’s Role in Revelation (v. 18)
Discipleship and Evangelism (vv. 35–51)

CHAPTER TWO

I. Structure of John Chapter 2

The Wedding at Cana: Water Turned to Wine (2:1–12)
Jesus Cleanses the Temple (2:13–22)
Jesus Knows All Men (2:23–25)

II. Commentary on John Chapter 2

1. The Wedding at Cana: Water Turned to Wine (John 2:1–12)

Verses 1–2: Jesus is invited to a wedding in Cana with His disciples.

Principal Teaching: Jesus values and sanctifies human relationships.
Doctrine: The dignity of marriage; Christ’s presence brings blessing.
Theology: God’s glory is revealed in ordinary life.
Application: Invite Jesus into every aspect of life.

Verses 3–5: Mary informs Jesus of the lack of wine.

Teaching: Christ’s time is under divine control.
Doctrine: Jesus acts according to divine timing and mission.
Application: Submit requests in faith and trust God’s timing.

Verses 6–10: Jesus turns water into wine.

Teaching: The first sign reveals His glory.
Doctrine: Jesus is the Lord of creation and transformation.
Theology: The abundance and quality of the wine reflect the new covenant.
Application: Trust Jesus to bring spiritual transformation.

Verse 11: “This beginning of miracles...”

Teaching: Jesus reveals His glory progressively.
Doctrine: Signs point to Jesus’ divine identity.
Application: Let signs lead you to belief, not just amazement.

Verse 12: Jesus goes to Capernaum.

Transition: He moves from private signs to public ministry.

2. Jesus Cleanses the Temple (John 2:13–22)

Verses 13–17: Jesus drives out money changers.

Principal Teaching: True worship must be holy.
Doctrine: Jesus has authority over the Temple.
Theology: Zeal for God’s house is a mark of true piety.
Application: Examine the purity of your worship.

Verses 18–22: “Destroy this temple…”

Teaching: Jesus points to His death and resurrection.
Doctrine: His body is the true temple of God.
Theology: Fulfillment theology; Jesus replaces the Temple system.
Application: Worship through the risen Christ.

3. Jesus Knows All Men (John 2:23–25)

Verses 23–25: Jesus does not entrust Himself to men.

Teaching: True faith is not based on signs alone.
Doctrine: Christ knows the heart.
Theology: Divine omniscience.
Application: Seek a genuine relationship with Christ, not superficial belief.

Summary of Key Doctrines in John 2

Christ’s Glory in Transformation (vv. 1–11)
Holiness of Worship (vv. 13–17)
Jesus as the True Temple (vv. 18–22)
Divine Omniscience (vv. 23–25)

Chapter Three

I. Structure of John Chapter 3

Jesus and Nicodemus: The New Birth (3:1–21)
John the Baptist’s Final Testimony (3:22–36)

II. Commentary on John Chapter 3

1. Jesus and Nicodemus: The New Birth (John 3:1–21)

Verses 1–2: Nicodemus approaches Jesus by night.

Teaching: Genuine inquiry can arise from spiritual hunger.
Doctrine: Christ is acknowledged as a teacher from God.
Theology: Even the religious elite must be born again.
Application: Spiritual knowledge requires personal encounter with Christ.

Verses 3–8: "You must be born again."

Principal Teaching: Regeneration is necessary for salvation.
Doctrine: New birth is a work of the Holy Spirit, not human effort.
Theology: The sovereignty of the Spirit in salvation.
Application: Examine if you’ve truly experienced the new birth.

Verses 9–13: Jesus rebukes Nicodemus’s lack of understanding.

Teaching: Spiritual truth must be spiritually discerned.
Doctrine: Jesus has authority to teach heavenly things.
Theology: Christ is the heavenly revealer.

Verses 14–15: Reference to Moses lifting up the serpent.

Teaching: Salvation is by faith in the lifted-up Son.
Doctrine: Typology fulfilled—Christ is the true source of healing and life.
Theology: Substitutionary atonement.
Application: Look to Christ alone for eternal life.

Verse 16: "For God so loved the world..."

Principal Teaching: God’s love is the ground of salvation.
Doctrine: Faith in Christ leads to eternal life.
Theology: The universal offer of the Gospel.
Application: Share the Gospel with boldness and compassion.

Verses 17–18: Jesus did not come to condemn, but to save.

Teaching: Salvation is available now; judgment follows rejection.
Doctrine: Belief saves; unbelief condemns.

Verses 19–21: Light has come, but people love darkness.

Teaching: The moral dimension of unbelief.
Doctrine: Sin blinds people from truth.
Theology: Christ is the Light.
Application: Come to the Light; live truthfully before God.

2. John the Baptist’s Final Testimony (John 3:22–36)

Verses 22–26: Dispute about purification.

Teaching: Ministry can provoke comparison and pride.
Doctrine: Christ-centered humility is essential.

Verses 27–30: "He must increase, I must decrease."

Principal Teaching: The supremacy of Christ.
Doctrine: True ministry exalts Christ, not self.
Application: Live and serve for Christ’s glory alone.

Verses 31–36: Jesus is above all; whoever believes has eternal life.

Teaching: Jesus is from heaven and speaks God’s words.
Doctrine: Faith in Christ determines one’s eternal destiny.
Theology: Trinitarian witness—Father, Son, Spirit.
Application: Submit to Christ’s authority and trust in Him.

Summary of Doctrines in John 3

Necessity of New Birth (vv. 1–8)
Authority of Christ (vv. 9–13)
Salvation by Faith (vv. 14–18)
Condemnation for Unbelief (vv. 19–21)
Supremacy of Christ (vv. 22–30)
Trinitarian Gospel Message (vv. 31–36)

John Chapters 4

I. Structure of John Chapter 4

Jesus and the Samaritan Woman (4:1–26)
The Disciples and the Harvest (4:27–38)
The Samaritan Response (4:39–42)
Healing of the Nobleman’s Son (4:43–54)

II. Commentary on John Chapter 4

1. Jesus and the Samaritan Woman (4:1–26)

Verses 1–6: Jesus travels through Samaria, weary from His journey.

Principal Teaching: Jesus engages with the marginalized.
Doctrine: The humanity of Christ is seen in His weariness.
Theology: Divine appointments often come in unexpected places.

Verses 7–15: Jesus offers living water.

Principal Teaching: Christ alone satisfies spiritual thirst.
Doctrine: Living water is a metaphor for eternal life and the Spirit (cf. 7:37–39).
Theology: Salvation is a gift, not earned.

Verses 16–26: Jesus reveals the woman’s sin and His identity.

Principal Teaching: True worship is in spirit and truth.
Doctrine: Worship transcends place and ethnicity.
Theology: Jesus is the Messiah who knows all things.
Application: Christ exposes sin to offer salvation.

2. The Disciples and the Harvest (4:27–38)

Verses 27–30: The woman becomes an evangelist.

Teaching: True encounters with Christ lead to witness.
Application: Even the least likely can become powerful witnesses.

Verses 31–38: Jesus speaks of spiritual harvest.

Principal Teaching: The work of evangelism is urgent and cooperative.
Doctrine: Some sow, others reap, but God gives the increase.
Theology: Spiritual food is doing the Father’s will.

3. The Samaritan Response (4:39–42)

Verses 39–42: Many Samaritans believe.

Principal Teaching: Jesus is the Savior of the world.
Doctrine: Faith grows from testimony to personal conviction.
Theology: Salvation transcends Jewish boundaries.
Application: Lead others to personal faith in Christ.

4. Healing of the Nobleman’s Son (4:43–54)

Verses 43–48: Jesus confronts shallow faith based on signs.

Teaching: True faith trusts Christ’s word, not just signs.
Doctrine: Faith comes by hearing, not seeing.
Theology: Jesus’ word is powerful and effective at a distance.

Verses 49–54: The son is healed; the household believes.

Principal Teaching: Christ rewards faith with life.
Doctrine: Salvation often reaches entire families.
Theology: Christ’s miracles authenticate His divine authority.
Application: Trust the word of Christ, even when you cannot see immediate results.

III. Summary of Doctrines in John Chapter 4

Doctrine of Christ’s Humanity – Jesus experiences physical fatigue (v.6).
Doctrine of Salvation – Eternal life is a gift, offered as “living water” (vv.10, 14).
Doctrine of Worship – True worship is in spirit and truth, not bound to location (vv.23–24).
Doctrine of Evangelism – Personal testimony is a powerful tool for spreading the Gospel (vv.28–30, 39).
Doctrine of Faith – Genuine faith moves from signs to full trust in Christ’s word (vv.48–50).
Doctrine of the Holy Spirit – Living water symbolizes the indwelling Spirit (cf. John 7:39).
Doctrine of the Messiah – Jesus identifies Himself as the Christ (v.26).
Universal Scope of the Gospel – Jesus reaches out to Samaritans; He is the Savior of the world (vv.4, 42).

John Chapters 5

I. Structure of John Chapter 5

Healing at the Pool of Bethesda (5:1–15)
Jesus' Authority and Equality with God (5:16–30)
Witnesses to Jesus’ Authority (5:31–47)

II. Commentary on John Chapter 5

1. Healing at the Pool of Bethesda (5:1–15)

Verses 1–9: Jesus heals a man who had been sick for 38 years.

Principal Teaching: Jesus demonstrates compassion and sovereign healing.
Doctrine: Christ has divine authority over disease.
Theology: Grace precedes faith; the man did not ask to be healed.
Application: Trust in Christ’s power to restore, even when hope seems lost.

Verses 10–15: The man is questioned for carrying his bed on the Sabbath.

Teaching: Jesus confronts legalism.
Doctrine: The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath.
Theology: Christ is Lord of the Sabbath.
Application: God’s mercy is not bound by religious systems.

2. Jesus' Authority and Equality with God (5:16–30)

Verses 16–18: The Jews seek to kill Jesus for breaking the Sabbath and claiming equality with God.

Teaching: Jesus is fully divine.
Doctrine: The deity of Christ is essential to Christian faith.
Theology: The Father and the Son are equal in nature, distinct in role.

Verses 19–23: The Son does what the Father does.

Principal Teaching: Perfect unity between Father and Son.
Doctrine: Trinitarian harmony in action and will.
Theology: Jesus is worthy of equal honor with the Father.

Verses 24–30: Jesus speaks of resurrection and judgment.

Teaching: Belief in Christ leads to eternal life.
Doctrine: Jesus has authority to judge.
Theology: Eternal life and judgment hinge on relationship with the Son.
Application: Believe now; judgment is certain and just.

3. Witnesses to Jesus’ Authority (5:31–47)

Verses 31–35: John the Baptist’s testimony.

Teaching: God provides credible witnesses.
Doctrine: Testimony confirms Jesus’ divine mission.

Verses 36–40: Jesus’ works and Scriptures testify.

Principal Teaching: Miracles and the Word point to Jesus.
Doctrine: The Scriptures reveal Christ.
Application: Search the Scriptures with faith, not pride.

Verses 41–47: Rejection by the Jews due to love of praise.

Teaching: Pride blinds the heart to truth.
Doctrine: Unbelief is a moral issue, not just intellectual.
Theology: Moses wrote of Christ; rejecting Christ is rejecting Moses.

III. Summary of Doctrines in John Chapter 5

Deity of Christ – Jesus claims equality with God (v.18).
Authority of Christ – He has power to heal, give life, and judge (vv.21–30).
Trinitarian Unity – Father and Son work in perfect harmony (vv.19–23).
Doctrine of Resurrection – Both the righteous and the wicked will be raised (v.29).
Doctrine of Salvation – Hearing and believing in Christ results in eternal life (v.24).
Doctrine of Judgment – Jesus will judge all men (v.27).
Sabbath and Mercy – Jesus shows the spirit of the Law over its letter (vv.9–10).
Witness and Testimony – God provides witnesses to validate Christ (vv.31–39).
Doctrine of Scripture – The Scriptures testify of Christ (v.39).
Doctrine of Unbelief – Rejection of Christ is rooted in pride and spiritual blindness (vv.40–44).

John Chapter 6

I. Structure of John Chapter 6

Feeding of the Five Thousand (6:1–15)
Jesus Walks on Water (6:16–21)
The Bread of Life Discourse (6:22–59)
Division and Departure of Disciples (6:60–71)

II. Commentary on John Chapter 6

1. Feeding of the Five Thousand (6:1–15)

Verses 1–15: Jesus miraculously feeds a vast crowd with five loaves and two fish.

Principal Teaching: Jesus is the true provider.
Doctrinal Emphasis: Jesus shows divine compassion and sovereignty over nature.
Theology: He is the all-sufficient God who provides abundantly.
Application: Trust in Christ’s ability to supply our needs.

2. Jesus Walks on Water (6:16–21)

Verses 16–21: Jesus demonstrates His authority over creation by walking on water and calming the storm.

Principal Teaching: Christ is sovereign even over chaos and fear.
Doctrinal Emphasis: His divine presence brings peace.
Theology: Jesus is not bound by natural laws; He is Lord of creation.
Application: In storms of life, trust the presence of Christ.

3. Bread of Life Discourse (6:22–59)

Verses 22–29: The crowd seeks Jesus for physical food; He calls for belief in the One God sent.

Teaching: Faith in Christ is greater than material provision.
Doctrinal Emphasis: True work of God is belief (v.29).
Theology: Salvation is by grace through faith.

Verses 30–40: Jesus declares Himself the Bread of Life.

Principal Teaching: He alone satisfies eternal hunger.
Doctrinal Emphasis: Jesus came to give eternal life to all who believe.
Theology: The Father draws people to Christ (v.37).

Verses 41–51: The Jews murmur; Jesus reaffirms He is the living bread.

Teaching: Christ’s flesh is given for the life of the world.
Doctrinal Emphasis: Substitutionary atonement hinted (v.51).
Theology: Jesus is the spiritual sustenance from heaven.

Verses 52–59: Eating His flesh and drinking His blood symbolizes faith in His redemptive work.

Teaching: Eternal life is through union with Christ.
Doctrinal Emphasis: Participation in Christ is vital.
Theology: Points toward the spiritual meaning of communion.

4. Division and Departure of Disciples (6:60–71)

Verses 60–66: Many disciples find His words hard and walk away.

Teaching: True discipleship requires spiritual understanding and commitment.
Doctrinal Emphasis: The flesh profits nothing; the Spirit gives life (v.63).
Theology: Perseverance in faith is evidence of true belief.

Verses 67–71: Peter confesses Jesus as the Holy One of God.

Teaching: Genuine faith clings to Christ alone.
Doctrinal Emphasis: Jesus foreknows His betrayer.
Theology: Election and foreknowledge are sovereign acts of God.

III. Summary of Doctrines in John Chapter 6

Christ’s Deity and Authority – Power over nature and need (vv.1–21).
Faith as the Work of God – Salvation is by belief, not works (v.29).
Christ as the Bread of Life – He alone satisfies spiritually and eternally (vv.35, 48).
Sovereignty in Salvation – The Father draws people to the Son (v.44).
Eternal Security – None given to Jesus will be lost (v.39).
Spiritual Union – Eating His flesh and drinking His blood signify deep faith and unity with Him (vv.51–56).
Offense of the Gospel – Truth can repel superficial followers (v.66).
Perseverance and Confession – True believers remain and confess Jesus as Lord (vv.68–69).
Foreknowledge and Election – Jesus knows His own, including the betrayer (v.70).

John Chapter 7

I. Structure of John Chapter 7

Jesus’ Brothers and the Feast (7:1–13)
Teaching in the Temple (7:14–24)
Division Among the People (7:25–36)
The Call to Come and Drink (7:37–39)
Debate and Division Intensify (7:40–52)
The Defense of Jesus by Nicodemus (7:50–52)

II. Commentary on John Chapter 7

1. Jesus’ Brothers and the Feast (7:1–13)

Verses 1–5: Jesus’ brothers urge Him to show Himself. They do not yet believe.
- Teaching: Even close relatives may not understand the spiritual mission.
- Doctrine: True faith is a work of God, not of proximity.
- Theology: Christ operates on the Father’s timeline, not man’s.
Verses 6–13: Jesus delays going to the feast publicly; He goes in secret.
- Application: God’s timing often contradicts human expectation.
- Theology: Jesus is guided by divine purpose, not human ambition.

2. Teaching in the Temple (7:14–24)

Verses 14–18: Jesus teaches midway through the feast; His authority is from the Father.
- Teaching: True doctrine comes from God.
- Doctrinal Emphasis: Those who desire to do God’s will can recognize the truth.
- Theology: Obedience opens the way for spiritual understanding.
Verses 19–24: Jesus exposes their hypocrisy—they seek to kill Him for healing on the Sabbath.
- Teaching: Righteous judgment must go beyond appearance.
- Doctrine: The Law is fulfilled in Christ.
- Application: Beware of legalism that ignores mercy.

3. Division Among the People (7:25–36)

Verses 25–31: Confusion over Jesus’ identity causes division.
- Teaching: Many believed due to His signs.
- Doctrine: Belief must rest on more than miracles—it must come through truth.
Verses 32–36: The Pharisees seek to arrest Him, but He declares He will go where they cannot follow.
- Theology: Jesus foretells His return to the Father.
- Doctrine: Spiritual blindness hinders understanding.

4. The Call to Come and Drink (7:37–39)

Verses 37–39: On the last day of the feast, Jesus calls the thirsty to believe in Him and receive living water.
- Teaching: Christ is the source of the Spirit.
- Doctrine: The Holy Spirit is given to those who believe.
- Theology: Jesus satisfies spiritual thirst through the Spirit’s indwelling.

5. Division and Nicodemus’ Defense (7:40–52)

Verses 40–44: The crowd is divided; some want to seize Him.
- Teaching: The Gospel provokes either faith or hostility.
- Doctrine: Christ is a stumbling stone to many.
Verses 45–49: The officers are awed by Jesus' words and refuse to arrest Him.
- Application: Christ's words hold divine authority.
Verses 50–52: Nicodemus urges fairness, but is dismissed.
- Teaching: Prejudice blinds even religious leaders.
- Doctrine: God defends His people even when they stand alone.

III. Summary of Doctrines in John Chapter 7

Jesus’ Sovereignty – His mission follows divine timing (vv.6–8).
Spiritual Discernment – Doing God’s will leads to understanding (v.17).
Fulfillment of the Law – Jesus supersedes ceremonial laws (v.23).
Christ’s Identity – He is sent by the Father and returns to Him (vv.28–29, 33).
Promise of the Spirit – Living water represents the indwelling Spirit (v.39).
Division Over Truth – Christ causes division in unbelieving hearts (v.43).
Authority of Jesus’ Words – Even adversaries are arrested by His teaching (v.46).
Faith Amid Opposition – Nicodemus shows courage in the face of hostility (v.50).

Structure of John Chapter 8

The Woman Caught in Adultery (8:1–11)
Jesus, the Light of the World (8:12–20)
Jesus’ Conflict with the Pharisees (8:21–30)
Jesus’ Claims of Divine Sonship (8:31–59)

Commentary on John Chapter 8

1. The Woman Caught in Adultery (8:1–11)

Verses 1–2: Jesus returns to the temple early in the morning; the crowd gathers.
- Teaching: Jesus is continually accessible to the people, teaching publicly.
- Doctrine: Christ’s ministry combines grace and truth.
Verses 3–6: The scribes and Pharisees bring a woman caught in adultery, attempting to trap Jesus by asking if she should be stoned.
- Teaching: Hypocrisy and legalism confront mercy and truth.
- Doctrine: The Law condemns sin, but Jesus reveals the way of grace.
Verses 7–9: Jesus writes on the ground and then states, “He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her.” They depart one by one.
- Theology: Jesus demonstrates divine wisdom and the principle of self-examination.
- Application: We must reflect on our own sin before judging others.
Verses 10–11: Jesus tells the woman He does not condemn her and commands her to sin no more.
- Doctrine: Christ’s forgiveness demands repentance.
- Teaching: Grace restores but does not license sin.

2. Jesus, the Light of the World (8:12–20)

Verse 12: Jesus declares Himself “the light of the world,” promising no walking in darkness for those who follow Him.
- Doctrine: Christ is the sole source of spiritual illumination.
- Theology: The spiritual life is found only in union with Jesus.
Verses 13–19: The Pharisees challenge Jesus’ testimony; He says His testimony is valid because the Father sent Him.
- Doctrine: The unity and testimony of the Father and Son authenticate Jesus’ claims.
- Application: Believers must rely on divine testimony, not human opinion.
Verses 20: Jesus teaches in the temple, but the Pharisees seek to arrest Him, yet no one lays hands on Him because His hour had not yet come.
- Theology: Jesus’ ministry is under God’s sovereign timing.

3. Jesus’ Conflict with the Pharisees (8:21–30)

Verses 21–24: Jesus warns of death and judgment, urging belief in Him to have eternal life.
- Doctrine: Spiritual death comes without faith in Christ.
- Application: Repentance and faith are urgent.
Verses 25–30: Jesus teaches about His origin, mission, and the power given by the Father; many believe in Him.
- Teaching: Jesus is fully divine and sent to reveal God.
- Doctrine: Faith in Jesus as the Son of God leads to life.

4. Jesus’ Claims of Divine Sonship (8:31–59)

Verses 31–38: Jesus contrasts true disciples who know the truth with those who remain in sin and spiritual bondage.
- Doctrine: Truth sets free; sin enslaves.
- Theology: Genuine freedom is found in Christ.
Verses 39–47: Jesus challenges the Jews’ spiritual lineage and exposes their rejection of God’s truth.
- Teaching: True children of God obey His word.
- Doctrine: Spiritual heritage is not by blood but by faith and obedience.
Verses 48–59: Jesus claims pre-existence and divinity with the “I AM” statement; the Jews seek to stone Him for blasphemy.
- Doctrine: Jesus affirms His eternal deity.
- Theology: The “I AM” connects Jesus to Yahweh, God of the Old Testament.

Summary of Doctrines in John Chapter 8

Grace and Truth in Judgment (vv. 1–11)
Jesus as the Light of the World (v.12)
Divine Testimony of the Son and Father (vv.13–19)
Sovereignty of Jesus’ Mission and Timing (v.20)
Necessity of Faith for Eternal Life (vv.21–24)
Divinity and Mission of Christ (vv.25–30)
Truth Sets Free from Sin (vv.31–38)
Spiritual Sonship and Obedience (vv.39–47)
Jesus’ Eternal Deity and Pre-existence (vv.48–59)

John Chapter 9

Structure of John Chapter 9

Jesus Heals a Man Born Blind (9:1–12)
The Pharisees Investigate the Healing (9:13–34)
The Man’s Testimony and Spiritual Insight (9:35–41)

Commentary on John Chapter 9

1. Jesus Heals a Man Born Blind (9:1–12)

Verse 1: The disciples ask Jesus about the cause of the man’s blindness, whether it was due to his sin or his parents’.
- Doctrine: Jesus rejects simplistic cause-effect views on suffering and sin.
- Teaching: Not all suffering is punitive; some is for God’s glory.
Verses 2–3: Jesus says neither the man nor his parents sinned to cause this, but that the works of God might be displayed.
- Theology: God’s sovereign purposes transcend human understanding of sin and suffering.
Verses 4–5: Jesus declares He must work the works of Him who sent Him while it is day, for night comes when no one can work.
- Doctrine: Jesus emphasizes obedience to God’s timing and mission.
- Application: Believers are called to faithfully serve God in the present opportunity.
Verses 6–7: Jesus spits on the ground, makes clay, and anoints the man’s eyes, instructing him to wash in the Pool of Siloam.
- Teaching: Jesus uses symbolic actions pointing to spiritual cleansing and restoration.
- Theology: Jesus’ miracles demonstrate His divine authority.
Verse 8–12: The man obeys, is healed, and testifies to his neighbors, causing amazement and questions.
- Application: Personal testimony is vital in revealing Christ’s work.
- Doctrine: Physical healing points to deeper spiritual restoration.

2. The Pharisees Investigate the Healing (9:13–34)

Verses 13–17: The Pharisees question the man and debate whether Jesus is from God, noting Jesus healed on the Sabbath.
- Doctrine: Legalism often blinds religious leaders to God’s work.
- Teaching: Obedience to the Spirit surpasses rigid law-keeping.
Verses 18–23: The man’s parents confirm he was born blind but avoid deeper questions, fearing the Jewish leaders.
- Teaching: Fear of man can hinder confession of faith.
- Application: Courage is needed to acknowledge God’s work.
Verses 24–25: The man boldly declares his healing, despite being cast out from the synagogue.
- Doctrine: True faith may lead to persecution and exclusion.
- Application: Faithfulness requires courage in adversity.
Verses 26–29: The man testifies that Jesus must be from God, arguing that a sinner couldn’t perform such signs.
- Theology: Divine authority authenticates Jesus.
- Teaching: Evidence of God’s power calls for belief.
Verses 30–34: The Pharisees reject the testimony, accuse the man of being born in sin, and cast him out.
- Doctrine: Spiritual blindness is worse than physical blindness.
- Application: Hard hearts refuse God’s revelation even when confronted with truth.

3. The Man’s Testimony and Spiritual Insight (9:35–41)

Verses 35–38: Jesus finds the man, reveals Himself as the Son of Man, and the man believes and worships Him.
- Doctrine: Faith in Jesus as Messiah brings spiritual sight and worship.
- Theology: Jesus reveals divine identity to those who seek Him.
Verse 39: Jesus explains He came into the world for judgment so the blind may see and the seeing may become blind.
- Doctrine: Christ’s coming separates true believers from the hardened.
- Teaching: Spiritual perception depends on one’s response to Jesus.
Verses 40–41: Some Pharisees question if they are blind; Jesus tells them if they were blind, they would not be guilty, but since they say they see, their guilt remains.
- Doctrine: Spiritual pride leads to condemnation.
- Application: Humility and self-examination are necessary to receive Christ.

Summary of Doctrines in John Chapter 9

Sovereignty of God over suffering and healing (vv.1–3)
Jesus’ divine authority and mission (vv.4–7)
Faith and testimony as responses to God’s works (vv.8–12)
Conflict between legalism and God’s grace (vv.13–17)
Fear versus courage in confessing faith (vv.18–29)
Spiritual blindness versus physical blindness (vv.30–41)
Jesus as the light and judge of the world (vv.35–41)

John Chapter 10

I. Structure of John Chapter 10

The Good Shepherd Discourse (10:1–21)
Jesus' Unity with the Father (10:22–39)
Jesus Retreats Beyond the Jordan (10:40–42)

II. Commentary on John Chapter 10

A. The Good Shepherd and His Sheep (10:1–21)

Verses 1–6 – The Shepherd enters by the gate

Explanation: Jesus contrasts the true shepherd with thieves and robbers.
Doctrine: Christ is the true and legitimate leader of God's people.
Theology: God’s people recognize the voice of the true Shepherd.
Application: Discern Christ’s voice through Scripture and follow Him.

Verses 7–10 – Jesus is the Door of the sheep

Explanation: Jesus explains He is not only the Shepherd but also the Door to safety and life.
Doctrinal Emphasis: Christ alone is the way to salvation and security.
Principal Teaching: Only through Jesus do people enter spiritual life.
Theology: Jesus guards His flock and gives abundant life (v.10).

Verse 11–13 – The Good Shepherd lays down His life

Explanation: Jesus reveals that He, unlike hirelings, willingly sacrifices Himself.
Doctrine: Substitutionary atonement – Christ dies for His sheep.
Theology: A clear foreshadowing of the cross; the Shepherd dies for the sheep.
Application: Trust in the Good Shepherd's love and protection.

Verses 14–16 – The universal flock

Explanation: Jesus knows His own, and He will bring in other sheep (Gentiles).
Doctrine: The church is comprised of Jew and Gentile—one flock under Christ.
Theology: The unity and scope of salvation.
Application: Rejoice in inclusion in God’s flock and pursue unity in Christ.

Verses 17–18 – The voluntary death and resurrection of Jesus

Explanation: Jesus lays down His life by His own authority and takes it up again.
Doctrine: Christ's sovereign power in death and resurrection.
Theology: Christ obeys the Father's will in His redemptive mission.
Application: Trust in the divine control of Jesus over life and death.

Verses 19–21 – Division over Jesus

Explanation: Some think Jesus is demon-possessed; others recognize His power.
Doctrine: Jesus is a dividing line—people must respond to Him.
Application: Assess your response—do you reject or follow Him?

B. Jesus Claims Unity with the Father (10:22–39)

Verses 22–24 – Jews demand clarity

Explanation: During Hanukkah, they ask if He is the Christ.
Teaching: Many seek truth but with unbelieving hearts.

Verses 25–30 – Jesus’ sheep hear His voice; He and the Father are one

Explanation: Jesus affirms His works testify about Him, but only His sheep hear Him.
Doctrinal Emphasis: Divine election and preservation of believers.
Key Verse (v.28): “I give unto them eternal life… neither shall any man pluck them out of my hand.”
Theology: The unity of Jesus and the Father in divine nature and purpose.
Application: Rest in the security Christ provides to His people.

Verses 31–33 – They try to stone Him for blasphemy

Explanation: The Jews understand Jesus' claim to deity and react violently.
Doctrine: Jesus explicitly claims equality with God.
Theology: The deity of Christ is foundational.

Verses 34–39 – Jesus defends His claim from Scripture

Explanation: Jesus quotes Psalm 82:6 and appeals to His works.
Doctrinal Emphasis: Scripture validates Jesus’ identity; His works authenticate His divine mission.
Theology: Jesus’ miracles confirm His unity with the Father.
Application: Examine Christ's works and believe based on truth.

C. Jesus Withdraws Beyond the Jordan (10:40–42)

Verses 40–42 – Many believed on Him there

Explanation: Jesus goes to where John the Baptist ministered; many believe.
Doctrine: Faith often comes where hearts are prepared and truth is remembered.
Theology: Jesus' mission continues even when rejected by the elite.
Application: God’s Word bears fruit in humble hearts.

Summary of Doctrines in John 10

Christ as the True Shepherd and the Door (vv.1–10)
Substitutionary Atonement – the Shepherd lays down His life (vv.11–13)
Effectual Calling and Election – His sheep hear His voice (v.27)
Eternal Security – none can pluck them from His hand (vv.28–29)
Christ’s Deity and Unity with the Father (v.30)
Faith through the Word and Works of Christ (vv.37–42)

John Chapter 11

I. Structure of John Chapter 11 – The Raising of Lazarus

Jesus Learns of Lazarus’ Illness (11:1–16)
Jesus Speaks with Martha and Mary (11:17–37)
Jesus Raises Lazarus from the Dead (11:38–44)
Religious Leaders Plot His Death (11:45–57)

II. Thought-by-Thought Commentary

A. Jesus Learns of Lazarus’ Illness (11:1–16)

Verses 1–6

Key Point: Jesus delays deliberately though He loves Lazarus and his sisters.
Doctrine: God's love is not opposed to suffering; delay does not mean indifference.
Theology: Jesus acts for the glory of God and the strengthening of faith (v.4).
Application: Wait patiently on God’s timing—it often has greater redemptive purpose.

Verses 7–10

Key Point: Jesus walks by divine timing, not fear of man.
Doctrine: Christ’s mission operates under divine guidance (“Are there not 12 hours in the day?”).
Application: Serve faithfully while it is “day”—while God gives opportunity.

Verses 11–16

Key Point: Lazarus’ death is described as sleep.
Doctrine: For believers, death is not the end—Jesus has authority over it.
Theology: Thomas’ words show the disciples’ struggle to understand Jesus’ purpose.

B. Jesus Meets Martha and Mary (11:17–37)

Verses 17–27 – Conversation with Martha

Key Verse: “I am the resurrection, and the life” (v.25)
Doctrinal Emphasis: Jesus is the source of both resurrection (future hope) and life (present reality).
Theology: A foundational Christological statement – divinity and power over death.
Application: Faith must rest in who Christ is, not just what He does.

Verses 28–37 – Jesus with Mary and the mourners

Key Verse: “Jesus wept” (v.35)
Doctrine: Christ is fully God and fully man—He grieves with us.
Theology: God’s compassion is not diminished by His sovereignty.
Application: Jesus is near to the brokenhearted—grief is not sin, and tears are not weakness.

C. Jesus Raises Lazarus (11:38–44)

Verses 38–44

Key Verse: “Lazarus, come forth!” (v.43)
Doctrinal Emphasis:
- Jesus' power over physical death reveals His authority over spiritual death.
- A picture of regeneration: Lazarus is dead and brought to life by Christ’s word.
Theology: Christ as the Life-Giver; speaks with divine authority.
Application: The resurrection power that raised Lazarus now works in believers (cf. Eph. 2:1–6).

D. The Plot to Kill Jesus (11:45–57)

Verses 45–53

Key Point: The miracle produces faith in some and hardened hatred in others.
Doctrinal Insight:
- Sovereignty of God in human sin: Caiaphas unwittingly prophesies substitutionary atonement (v.50–52).
- Christ's death would “gather into one the children of God.”
Theology: Divine plan unfolds even through the wickedness of men.

Verses 54–57

Key Point: Jesus withdraws temporarily.
Doctrine: God’s timing governs Christ’s movement—His “hour” had not yet come.
Application: Though Christ is in control, He acts with prudence until the appointed time.

III. Summary of Doctrines in John 11

God’s Glory in Suffering – (v.4) Suffering is not meaningless when governed by God’s glory.
Jesus as Resurrection and Life – (v.25) Christ gives eternal life now and bodily resurrection later.
True Faith – (vv.21–27) Faith is tested in crisis; real faith trusts who Christ is.
Jesus' Compassion – (v.35) God is not distant from human pain.
Regeneration Illustrated – (v.43) Lazarus’ resurrection shows how Christ raises sinners to life.
Substitutionary Atonement – (v.50) Jesus dies in the place of the people.
Divine Providence Over Evil – Even the Sanhedrin’s wickedness fulfills God's redemptive plan.

John Chapter 12

I. Structure of John Chapter 12

Mary Anoints Jesus – vv.1–11
Jesus' Triumphal Entry – vv.12–19
Greeks Seek Jesus / Jesus Predicts His Death – vv.20–36
Unbelief of the Jews / God's Judicial Hardening – vv.37–43
Jesus’ Final Public Appeal – vv.44–50

II. Commentary Thought-by-Thought with Doctrinal Emphasis

1. Mary Anoints Jesus (vv.1–11)

Commentary:
Mary anoints Jesus with costly ointment (spikenard) and wipes His feet with her hair. Judas criticizes the act as wasteful, but Jesus affirms it as preparation for His burial.

Principal teaching: True worship recognizes Jesus' worth and anticipates His mission.

Doctrinal emphasis:

Jesus accepts worship as God.
The poor are important, but worship and love for Christ take precedence.
Hypocrisy is exposed in Judas' heart; concern for the poor was a cover for greed.

Theology: Jesus’ death is central. Even acts of love and worship find their meaning in the shadow of the cross.

2. The Triumphal Entry (vv.12–19)

Commentary:
Jesus enters Jerusalem on a donkey. The people greet Him with palm branches and messianic praise from Psalm 118.

Principal teaching: Jesus is the promised King but comes in humility, not military power.

Doctrinal emphasis:

Fulfillment of Zechariah 9:9.
Messianic kingship in the manner of peace and servanthood.
The disciples do not understand at the time but recall after His glorification.

Theology: Christ’s kingdom contrasts with worldly expectations—His reign begins with sacrifice, not conquest.

3. Greeks Seek Jesus / Jesus Predicts His Death (vv.20–36)

Commentary:
Some Greeks desire to see Jesus. In response, Jesus says that His hour has come. He speaks of the necessity of His death using the metaphor of a grain of wheat. He also declares that if He is lifted up, He will draw all men to Himself.

Principal teaching: Jesus' death is not defeat, but the divine path to glory and life for others.

Doctrinal emphasis:

The cross is central to salvation.
Jesus must die to produce spiritual fruit.
Those who serve Jesus must follow Him in the way of the cross.
God the Father affirms Jesus audibly.
Jesus is the Light—men must walk in Him before darkness overtakes them.

Theology: The universality of the Gospel is shown—Gentiles (Greeks) now seek Him. His death will open access to all nations. His glorification and the Father’s voice show divine approval of the plan of redemption.

4. The Unbelief of the People and Judicial Hardening (vv.37–43)

Commentary:
Despite many signs, the people do not believe. John interprets this using Isaiah 53:1 and Isaiah 6:10—God has blinded their eyes as judgment for their persistent unbelief. Some leaders believe secretly but fear being cast out of the synagogue.

Principal teaching: Persistent rejection of Christ leads to spiritual hardening.

Doctrinal emphasis:

Human responsibility and divine sovereignty are in tension but not contradiction.
God hardens the heart of those who continually reject truth.
Fear of man (peer pressure) can suppress belief in Christ.

Theology: The judicial hardening of Israel prepares the way for the Gospel to go to the Gentiles (Romans 11). Faith in Christ must be public and courageous.

5. Jesus’ Final Public Appeal (vv.44–50)

Commentary:
Jesus cries out, summarizing His mission: He came to save, not to judge (at this time). Faith in Him is faith in the Father. Rejection of His words brings judgment in the last day. His words are eternal life.

Principal teaching: Belief in Jesus is the decisive response that determines salvation or condemnation.

Doctrinal emphasis:

Jesus is one with the Father—belief in Him is belief in God.
He does not judge now, but His Word will judge in the last day.
His teaching is not merely helpful—it is the very commandment of eternal life.

Theology: Christ’s role is revelatory—He reveals God’s truth and salvation. Rejection of Jesus is rejection of the Father and leads to eternal judgment.

III. Summary of Doctrines in John Chapter 12

Christ's Deity and Worthiness of Worship – He receives honor and defends it (vv.1–8).
Christ's Kingship – Fulfillment of prophecy and divine mission (vv.12–15).
Glory Through Death – Death brings fruit, salvation, and glorification (vv.23–26).
Universal Call of the Gospel – Greeks seek Him; the cross will draw all kinds (v.32).
Judicial Hardening – Persistent unbelief leads to God’s judgment (vv.37–40).
Unity with the Father – Jesus speaks not of Himself but from God (vv.44–50).
The Word of Christ as the Final Judge – Eternal life or condemnation is based on response to His Word (v.48).

John Chapter 13

I. Structure of John Chapter 13

Jesus Washes the Disciples’ Feet (vv.1–17)
Jesus Foretells His Betrayal (vv.18–30)
The New Commandment (vv.31–35)
Jesus Predicts Peter’s Denial (vv.36–38)

II. Commentary Thought-by-Thought

1. Jesus Washes the Disciples' Feet (vv.1–17)

Commentary:
As His hour approaches, Jesus demonstrates His love by taking the role of a servant—He washes the feet of His disciples. Peter protests, but Jesus explains that without this cleansing, he has no part in Him. Jesus clarifies that the act symbolizes spiritual cleansing and sets an example for them to follow.

Principal Teaching and Application:

True greatness in the kingdom is shown through humble service.
Spiritual cleansing is essential for fellowship with Christ.
Believers are to imitate Christ’s humility and love in serving others.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

The Incarnation leads to condescension and sacrifice.
Justification (being “clean”) happens once, but sanctification (ongoing cleansing) is needed.
Christ as our example (v.15) is a call to Christlike living.

Theology:
Jesus, fully aware of His divine identity, expresses love not through dominion but servanthood. His act points forward to the cross, where He would cleanse sinners through an even greater humiliation.

2. Jesus Foretells His Betrayal (vv.18–30)

Commentary:
Jesus quotes Psalm 41:9 to show that Judas’ betrayal fulfills Scripture. He is troubled in spirit and plainly tells the disciples that one of them will betray Him. Judas is identified and departs to do his deed.

Principal Teaching and Application:

Betrayal can come even from within close fellowship.
Fulfilled prophecy confirms Jesus as the Messiah.
Jesus is sovereign over events, even betrayal.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

God's sovereignty over evil actions.
Christ’s omniscience: He knows His betrayer and the outcome.
Prophetic fulfillment and divine purpose.

Theology:
Even betrayal serves God’s redemptive plan. Jesus sends Judas out, showing He lays down His life voluntarily.

3. The New Commandment (vv.31–35)

Commentary:
After Judas departs, Jesus begins His farewell discourse. He speaks of being glorified through the cross. He gives a “new commandment”: that His disciples love one another as He has loved them.

Principal Teaching and Application:

Love among believers is the hallmark of true discipleship.
The standard of love is Christ’s self-sacrifice.
Christian community is to reflect the love of Christ visibly.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

The cross is the glorification of the Son and the Father.
Christ sets a new standard of love rooted in grace, sacrifice, and humility.
The church is marked by this Christlike love.

Theology:
God’s glory is revealed in the cross. Love is not merely sentimental but sacrificial and redemptive, modeled after Christ.

4. Jesus Predicts Peter’s Denial (vv.36–38)

Commentary:
Peter boldly claims he will follow Jesus anywhere, even to death. Jesus predicts that Peter will deny Him three times before morning.

Principal Teaching and Application:

Zeal must be tempered by humility and dependence on Christ.
Even the strongest can fall—watchfulness and prayer are needed.
Christ knows our weaknesses and remains sovereign over them.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Christ’s foreknowledge of human failure.
Salvation is not based on human strength but divine grace.
Human weakness is real; repentance and restoration are possible (seen later in John 21).

Theology:
Jesus’ mission includes bearing the failures of His own people. Even their denials are not beyond His forgiveness.

III. Summary of Doctrines in John Chapter 13

Servanthood of Christ – Jesus exemplifies humility and calls His followers to it (vv.1–17).
Spiritual Cleansing – Justification (clean once) and sanctification (ongoing washing) (v.10).
Fulfillment of Prophecy – Jesus’ betrayal is part of God's sovereign plan (v.18).
Divine Sovereignty and Omniscience – Jesus controls and foreknows events (vv.21, 27).
Christ-centered Love – The new commandment redefines relationships within the church (v.34).
Marks of Discipleship – Love identifies true followers of Jesus (v.35).
Human Weakness and Divine Mercy – Jesus predicts Peter's denial, showing He is never caught off guard (vv.36–38).

John Chapter 14

John 14 is a continuation of Jesus’ intimate conversation with His disciples before His arrest. It contains promises of comfort, the coming of the Holy Spirit, and deeper revelation of Christ’s union with the Father.

I. Structure of John Chapter 14

Promise of Heaven and the Way to the Father (vv.1–7)
Christ’s Unity with the Father (vv.8–11)
Promise of Greater Works and Prayer in His Name (vv.12–14)
Promise of the Holy Spirit (Paraclete) (vv.15–24)
Gift of Peace and Assurance of His Return (vv.25–31)

II. Commentary Thought-by-Thought

1. Promise of Heaven and the Way to the Father (vv.1–7)

Key Verses:

“Let not your heart be troubled... I go to prepare a place for you” (vv.1–3)
“I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me.” (v.6)

Commentary:
Jesus comforts His disciples as He prepares to depart. He assures them that His departure is to their advantage: He is preparing a place in the Father’s house. He identifies Himself not merely as a guide, but the way to the Father.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Believers should not be troubled by the uncertainty of life or death.
Christ is the only access to God—faith in Him is the path to life.
Assurance of Heaven gives strength in suffering.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Exclusivity of Christ as Mediator (v.6)
Heaven as a prepared place for the redeemed (v.2)
Faith in Christ = Faith in God (v.1)

Theology:
Christ is the bridge between God and man. He offers not just truth about the way but is the truth, the way, and the life—unifying epistemology, soteriology, and eschatology in Himself.

2. Christ’s Unity with the Father (vv.8–11)

Key Verse:

“He that hath seen me hath seen the Father...” (v.9)

Commentary:
Philip asks Jesus to show them the Father. Jesus replies that He perfectly reveals the Father. His words and works are not His alone but flow from His unity with the Father.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Christ is the visible image of the invisible God.
To know Jesus is to know the Father.
Faith must be rooted not in feelings but in the revealed Christ.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Doctrine of the Trinity (Father and Son are distinct yet united)
Christ’s Deity and Revelation of the Father (v.9–10)

Theology:
God is known through Christ. The divine economy shows perfect cooperation and unity between the Persons of the Godhead.

3. Promise of Greater Works and Prayer in His Name (vv.12–14)

Key Verses:

“Greater works than these shall he do” (v.12)
“Whatsoever ye shall ask in my name... I will do it” (vv.13–14)

Commentary:
Jesus tells them that His followers will do greater works—not in power, but in scope and result (e.g., the conversion of thousands after Pentecost). He also opens the door for prayer in His name.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Believers have access to divine help through prayer.
Ministry in the Spirit can surpass Christ’s earthly work in scope.
Effective prayer must align with Christ’s name—His will and character.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Access to God through Christ
Effectiveness of Prayer
Continuing ministry of Christ through His Church

Theology:
Christ continues His work through the Church by the Holy Spirit. Prayer in Jesus’ name is rooted in relational access, not a magical formula.

4. Promise of the Holy Spirit (vv.15–24)

Key Verses:

“If ye love me, keep my commandments” (v.15)
“And I will pray the Father, and he shall give you another Comforter...” (v.16)

Commentary:
Jesus links obedience to love. He promises the “Comforter” (Paraclete), the Holy Spirit, who will dwell with and in believers. He is the Spirit of truth and the ongoing presence of Christ with His people.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Love for Christ is expressed through obedience.
The Spirit brings intimate fellowship with God.
The world cannot receive the Spirit because it rejects Christ.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Doctrine of the Holy Spirit (Paraclete, indwelling)
Obedience as evidence of love
Trinitarian roles in redemption (Father sends the Spirit through the Son)

Theology:
The Spirit mediates Christ’s presence after His ascension. The indwelling Spirit testifies to the believer’s sonship and empowers sanctification.

5. Gift of Peace and Assurance of His Return (vv.25–31)

Key Verses:

“Peace I leave with you, my peace I give unto you” (v.27)
“Let not your heart be troubled...” (v.27)
“The prince of this world cometh, and hath nothing in me.” (v.30)

Commentary:
Jesus offers His peace—not circumstantial, but supernatural. He explains that the Holy Spirit will continue teaching them. Though Satan is active, he has no claim over Christ.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Christ's peace is internal, rooted in the victory of the cross.
The believer's hope is not in earthly comfort, but in spiritual security.
The devil has no power over Christ or those in Him.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Peace as a fruit of the Gospel
Superiority of Christ over Satan
Role of the Holy Spirit in illumination (v.26)

Theology:
Jesus reigns in peace amid conflict. Satan’s apparent power is illusory—he “has nothing in Christ.” Victory is assured through the cross.

III. Doctrinal Summary of John 14

Christ’s Deity and Unity with the Father (vv.6–11)
Exclusivity of Salvation through Christ (v.6)
Hope of Heaven and Eternal Fellowship (vv.2–3)
Promise of the Holy Spirit (vv.16–17, 26)
Trinitarian Roles in Redemption
Power of Prayer in Jesus' Name (vv.13–14)
Obedience as the Fruit of Love (v.15)
Peace of Christ amid Trouble (v.27)
Victory of Christ over Satan (v.30)

John Chapter 15

I. Placement in the Gospel of John

John 15 is part of the Upper Room Discourse (John 13–17), where Jesus gives His final instructions and comforts His disciples before His arrest. Chapter 15 focuses on abiding in Christ, bearing fruit, loving one another, and being hated by the world—emphasizing union with Christ, love within the church, and hostility from without.

II. Structure of John 15

Abiding in the True Vine and Bearing Fruit (vv.1–8)
Love and Obedience as Marks of Discipleship (vv.9–17)
Hatred from the World (vv.18–25)
Promise of the Spirit’s Witness (vv.26–27)

III. Commentary by Thought Units

1. Abiding in the True Vine (vv.1–8)

Key Verses:

“I am the true vine... ye are the branches” (vv.1, 5)
“Without me ye can do nothing” (v.5)
“Herein is my Father glorified, that ye bear much fruit” (v.8)

Commentary:
Jesus uses the image of a vine and branches to illustrate the necessity of spiritual union with Him. He is the true vine—unlike unfaithful Israel (cf. Isa 5). The Father, as vinedresser, prunes believers for fruitfulness and removes those who bear no fruit. Fruitfulness proves discipleship and glorifies God.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Spiritual life and fruitfulness come from abiding in Christ.
No true Christian can live a fruitful life apart from Him.
God uses discipline and pruning to mature believers.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Union with Christ
Sanctification through abiding
Fruit-bearing as evidence of salvation

Theology:
Christ is the source of all spiritual vitality. Apart from Him, the believer can do nothing. Fruit-bearing is not optional—it is the design of God for every branch.

2. Love and Obedience as Marks of Discipleship (vv.9–17)

Key Verses:

“Continue ye in my love” (v.9)
“Ye are my friends, if ye do whatsoever I command you” (v.14)
“This is my commandment, That ye love one another” (v.12)

Commentary:
Christ connects abiding with obedience and love. To remain in His love is to obey His commands. He defines the greatest love as laying down one's life—a foreshadowing of the cross. He calls the disciples “friends,” elevating their relationship with Him.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Love is not sentimental; it is sacrificial and obedient.
Friendship with Christ comes through humble obedience.
Christian love for others mirrors Christ’s love for us.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Love as the central ethic of the kingdom
Obedience flowing from love
Christ’s friendship with His people

Theology:
Love is both the command and the fruit of abiding in Christ. God’s love is revealed and fulfilled in Christ, and His followers reflect that love to one another in sacrificial service.

3. Hatred from the World (vv.18–25)

Key Verses:

“If the world hate you, ye know that it hated me before it hated you” (v.18)
“The servant is not greater than his lord” (v.20)

Commentary:
Jesus prepares His disciples for persecution. Just as the world rejected Him, it will reject those who belong to Him. The root of this hatred lies in sin’s rejection of God's authority and revelation. Even Christ’s miracles were met with hostility because of hardened hearts.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Persecution is normal for faithful disciples.
Christians should not fear or be surprised by opposition.
Our response must be faithfulness and love.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Doctrine of persecution
Sin’s rejection of divine truth
Worldly hatred for righteousness

Theology:
A fallen world hates what it does not understand and cannot control. The light exposes darkness, and those in darkness recoil from the truth, just as they did with Christ.

4. Promise of the Spirit’s Witness (vv.26–27)

Key Verses:

“But when the Comforter is come... he shall testify of me” (v.26)
“And ye also shall bear witness...” (v.27)

Commentary:
Jesus promises the coming of the Holy Spirit, the “Comforter” (Greek: Parakletos), who will testify about Christ and empower the disciples to do the same. The Spirit’s ministry is Christ-centered.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Witnessing flows from the Spirit’s presence in the believer.
The Spirit glorifies Christ, not Himself.
Disciples must speak the truth in the face of opposition.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Pneumatology (doctrine of the Holy Spirit)
Witness and evangelism
The Spirit’s Christ-centered ministry

Theology:
The Spirit enables believers to proclaim Christ in a hostile world. Evangelism is not merely human effort—it is Spirit-driven proclamation empowered by divine truth.

IV. Doctrinal Summary of John 15

Union with Christ – Life and fruitfulness depend on abiding in Him (vv.1–8)
Sanctification and Fruit-bearing – Evidence of true faith is fruit (v.2, 5)
Love and Obedience – Love is proven by obedience and sacrifice (vv.9–17)
Doctrine of Christian Fellowship – Friends of Christ are those who keep His commandments (v.14)
Persecution – The world will hate true disciples as it hated Christ (vv.18–25)
Doctrine of the Holy Spirit – The Comforter testifies to Christ and empowers the Church to witness (vv.26–27)
Trinitarian Witness – The Father sends the Spirit through the Son to glorify Christ.

John Chapter 16

I. Placement in the Gospel of John

John 16 continues Jesus' Upper Room Discourse (John 13–17), which consists of His final instructions to the disciples before His crucifixion. In chapter 16, Jesus prepares them for the sorrow of His departure, explains the coming ministry of the Holy Spirit, and reassures them with the promise of ultimate joy and victory through Him.

II. Structure of John 16

Warning of Persecution and Apostasy (vv.1–6)
The Ministry of the Holy Spirit (vv.7–15)
Sorrow Turned into Joy (vv.16–24)
Final Encouragement and Promise of Victory (vv.25–33)

III. Commentary (by thought units)

1. Warning of Persecution and Apostasy (vv.1–6)

Key Verses:

“They shall put you out of the synagogues...” (v.2)
“These things have I spoken unto you, that ye should not be offended” (v.1)

Commentary:
Jesus warns His disciples that persecution will come—even from those claiming to serve God. Being cast out of religious institutions (synagogues) and even martyrdom will occur. This is not unexpected; Jesus prepares them to avoid falling away when trials come.

Principal Teaching & Application:

The Christian life involves suffering for Christ.
Faith must be rooted in the truth of Christ’s words, not emotional expectation.
Spiritual endurance is built by holding on to Christ’s promises.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Persecution for righteousness' sake
Spiritual endurance
False religion’s hostility toward true disciples

Theology:
True faith will face opposition from religious and secular systems. Jesus shields believers by warning them ahead of time.

2. The Ministry of the Holy Spirit (vv.7–15)

Key Verses:

“It is expedient for you that I go away” (v.7)
“He will reprove the world of sin, and of righteousness, and of judgment” (v.8)
“He shall glorify me” (v.14)

Commentary:
Jesus emphasizes the necessity of His departure in order for the Comforter (the Holy Spirit) to come. The Spirit’s work is threefold: convicting the world, guiding believers into truth, and glorifying Christ. He does not speak independently but brings the message of the Son from the Father.

Principal Teaching & Application:

The Holy Spirit is not a vague force but a divine Person with a distinct ministry.
His work is Christ-centered—convicting, guiding, and glorifying.
Believers must depend on the Spirit for discernment and power.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Pneumatology (Doctrine of the Holy Spirit)
Conviction of sin, righteousness, and judgment
The Trinitarian unity in revelation

Theology:
The Holy Spirit’s mission in the world is to testify of Christ and apply redemption to hearts. He is the active agent in conviction, regeneration, sanctification, and revelation.

3. Sorrow Turned into Joy (vv.16–24)

Key Verses:

“Ye shall weep and lament... but your sorrow shall be turned into joy” (v.20)
“Your joy no man taketh from you” (v.22)

Commentary:
Jesus foresees the disciples' confusion and sorrow at His death but assures them it will give way to joy at His resurrection. Like a woman in labor, temporary pain will result in lasting joy. Their new relationship with the Father through Christ will be marked by direct prayer and joy.

Principal Teaching & Application:

God often turns seasons of pain into joy in His redemptive plan.
Our relationship with the Father is mediated through Christ.
No earthly sorrow can rob believers of the joy of the risen Christ.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Resurrection joy
Access to the Father through Christ
Enduring joy in union with Christ

Theology:
Christians do not rejoice in suffering itself but in what suffering produces through Christ. The resurrection transforms despair into hope and assures direct fellowship with the Father.

4. Final Encouragement and Promise of Victory (vv.25–33)

Key Verses:

“In the world ye shall have tribulation: but be of good cheer; I have overcome the world” (v.33)

Commentary:
Jesus reassures the disciples that the Father loves them directly, and though they will be scattered in fear, He is not alone—the Father is with Him. He leaves them with peace, not because they are free from trials, but because He has overcome the world.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Peace does not mean absence of trouble but presence of Christ in the storm.
Christ’s victory is the ground for our confidence.
Our assurance lies not in ourselves but in His finished work.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Peace through Christ
Victory over the world through Christ
Divine companionship and security

Theology:
Christ’s victory over the world—through obedience, death, and resurrection—secures peace for His people. Though trials come, believers rest in the triumph of their Savior.

IV. Doctrinal Summary of John 16

Persecution and Apostasy Foretold (vv.1–6)
- Christian life includes tribulation and rejection from religious systems.
- Apostasy is real but can be avoided through Christ’s word.
Ministry of the Holy Spirit (vv.7–15)
- The Spirit convicts, guides, and glorifies Christ.
- His coming depends on Christ’s ascension.
- The Spirit is the divine interpreter of Christ's teaching.
Joy through Sorrow (vv.16–24)
- The resurrection brings enduring joy.
- Prayer and access to the Father are part of the new covenant blessings.
- The Christian's joy is secure in Christ.
Christ’s Victory and Our Peace (vv.25–33)
- Jesus’ death and resurrection are victories over the world.
- Peace is grounded in union with Him, not circumstances.

John Chapter 17

I. Placement in the Gospel of John

John 17 is the High Priestly Prayer of Jesus, concluding His Upper Room Discourse (John 13–17). Here, Jesus prays to the Father just before His arrest, focusing on His glory, the disciples’ protection and sanctification, and the future unity of all believers.

II. Structure of John 17

Jesus Prays for Himself (vv. 1–5)
Jesus Prays for His Disciples (vv. 6–19)
Jesus Prays for All Believers (vv. 20–26)

III. Commentary (by thought units)

1. Jesus Prays for Himself (vv. 1–5)

Key verses:
“Glorify thou me with thine own self with the glory which I had with thee before the world was.” (v. 5)

Commentary:
Jesus petitions the Father to glorify Him through His impending death and resurrection, enabling Him to glorify the Father. This reveals Jesus’ pre-existence and divine nature. Eternal life is defined relationally—as knowing the only true God and Jesus Christ (v. 3).

Principal Teaching & Application:

Jesus’ mission culminates in glorification through the cross.
Eternal life is intimate knowledge of God and Christ.
Believers are called to know God personally, not just intellectually.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Christ’s divinity and pre-existence
Glorification through the cross
Eternal life as relational knowledge

Theology:
This passage underscores the unity and mutual glorification within the Trinity and establishes eternal life as participation in divine knowledge.

2. Jesus Prays for His Disciples (vv. 6–19)

Key verses:
“I have given them thy word; and the world hath hated them, because they are not of the world...” (vv. 14–16)
“Sanctify them through thy truth: thy word is truth.” (v. 17)

Commentary:
Jesus prays for the protection, sanctification, and unity of His disciples amidst a hostile world. They are set apart by God’s Word and called to be holy. Their mission involves being in the world but not of it.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Believers face opposition for following Christ.
Sanctification is rooted in God’s truth.
Unity among believers is essential for effective witness.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Sanctification by the Word
Spiritual protection in persecution
Unity as a reflection of Trinitarian oneness

Theology:
The prayer highlights the inseparability of truth, holiness, and unity within the believer’s life, showing the world’s opposition to God’s people and the divine calling to be set apart.

3. Jesus Prays for All Believers (vv. 20–26)

Key verses:
“That they all may be one; as thou, Father, art in me, and I in thee, that they also may be one in us...” (v. 21)
“Father, I will that they also, whom thou hast given me, be with me where I am; that they may behold my glory...” (vv. 24–26)

Commentary:
Jesus extends His prayer beyond the immediate disciples to all future believers, desiring their unity and ultimate glorification. The unity of believers is the evidence of God’s sending of Jesus and reflects the divine relationship within the Trinity. The love of the Father is promised to dwell in believers.

Principal Teaching & Application:

The church’s unity testifies to Christ’s divine mission.
Believers have the hope of eternal fellowship with Christ.
Divine love is both the source and fruit of Christian unity.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Unity of the church as a witness
Eternal glorification of believers
Indwelling love of God

Theology:
This section reveals the eschatological hope of the church and presents unity as an essential, God-ordained reality reflecting Trinitarian fellowship.

IV. Doctrinal Summary of John 17

The Glory of Christ through the Cross: Jesus prays for His glorification, revealing His divine nature and mission.
Sanctification and Protection of Believers: Believers are sanctified by God’s truth and protected amid a hostile world.
Unity of the Church: Unity is both a spiritual reality and a testimony to the world, modeled on the unity within the Godhead.
Eternal Fellowship and Love: The hope of eternal life includes being with Christ and sharing in His glory, sealed by the Father’s love.

John Chapter 18

I. Placement in the Gospel of John

John 18 begins the Passion Narrative, detailing the events leading to Jesus’ arrest, trial, and eventual crucifixion. This chapter focuses on Jesus’ betrayal by Judas, His arrest, Peter’s denial, and His first appearance before the Jewish high priest.

II. Structure of John 18

Jesus’ Betrayal and Arrest (vv. 1–11)
Jesus Before Annas (vv. 12–27)
Jesus Before Pilate (vv. 28–40)

III. Commentary (by thought units)

1. Jesus’ Betrayal and Arrest (vv. 1–11)

Key verses:
“Whom seek ye?” (v. 4)
“I am he.” (v. 5)
“Put up thy sword into the sheath...” (v. 11)

Commentary:
Jesus willingly surrenders Himself to the arresting soldiers. His declaration “I am he” echoes the divine name (Yahweh’s self-identification), showing His authority even in surrender. Peter’s impulsive violence is rebuked by Jesus, emphasizing submission to the Father’s plan.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Jesus is sovereign even in apparent defeat.
His submission fulfills Scripture and God’s redemptive plan.
Christians are called to trust God’s timing and purposes amid trials.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Divine sovereignty in the Passion
Jesus as the divine “I AM”
Obedience and non-violence in God’s will

Theology:
Jesus’ control over His arrest affirms His divine authority and the voluntary nature of His sacrifice.

2. Jesus Before Annas (vv. 12–27)

Key verses:
“Art thou the Christ, the Son of God?” (v. 33)
“I said unto you, that I am he...” (v. 37)

Commentary:
Jesus is first questioned by Annas, the former high priest. His answers confirm His messianic identity but also reveal a deeper kingdom not of this world. Peter’s denial fulfills Jesus’ earlier prediction, illustrating human weakness and divine sovereignty.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Jesus’ kingship is spiritual, not political.
Denial and failure are part of the believer’s journey but do not thwart God’s plan.
Repentance and restoration remain open.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Messianic identity
Spiritual kingdom
Human failure and divine sovereignty

Theology:
The contrast between Jesus’ calm affirmation and Peter’s denial highlights grace amidst human weakness.

3. Jesus Before Pilate (vv. 28–40)

Key verses:
“Art thou the King of the Jews?” (v. 33)
“My kingdom is not of this world...” (v. 36)
“Behold the man!” (v. 14)

Commentary:
Jesus faces Roman political authority. His kingship is misunderstood by Pilate, who finds no fault in Him. Jesus clarifies that His kingdom transcends worldly politics. Pilate’s interrogation reveals the tension between earthly power and divine authority.

Principal Teaching & Application:

True kingship is based on spiritual authority, not political power.
God’s kingdom often conflicts with earthly kingdoms.
Believers must recognize Christ’s lordship over all.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Christ’s spiritual kingship
Conflict of earthly and heavenly authority
Innocence of Christ

Theology:
Jesus stands as the true King whose kingdom is eternal and not subject to earthly powers, foreshadowing the cross as the path to glory.

IV. Doctrinal Summary of John 18

Jesus’ Sovereignty in His Arrest: He submits willingly, revealing divine control.
Jesus’ Messianic Identity Affirmed: His kingdom is spiritual, transcending worldly power.
Human Failure and Divine Plan: Peter’s denial fulfills prophecy but does not undermine God’s redemptive work.
True Kingship vs. Earthly Authority: Jesus’ kingdom contrasts with Roman political power and triumphs eternally.

John Chapter 19

I. Placement in the Gospel of John

John 19 is the pivotal chapter detailing the crucifixion, death, and burial of Jesus Christ. It captures the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy and the climax of Jesus’ redemptive work, revealing both human rejection and divine sovereignty.

II. Structure of John 19

Jesus is Sentenced to Death by Pilate (vv. 1–16)
The Crucifixion of Jesus (vv. 17–27)
The Death of Jesus (vv. 28–37)
The Burial of Jesus (vv. 38–42)

III. Commentary (by thought units)

1. Jesus is Sentenced to Death by Pilate (vv. 1–16)

Key verses:
“Behold the man!” (v. 5)
“Crucify him, crucify him!” (v. 6)
“Ecce homo” – Pilate’s presentation of Jesus as a man to the crowd (v. 5)

Commentary:
Pilate’s attempt to release Jesus contrasts sharply with the crowd’s demand for crucifixion. The mocking of Jesus by the soldiers (crown of thorns, purple robe) reveals the cruelty and misunderstanding of His kingship. Pilate, despite finding no guilt, capitulates to pressure, highlighting the injustice of the trial.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Jesus endures rejection and mockery for our sake.
Earthly justice often fails, but God’s plan prevails.
Believers must stand firm in the face of injustice.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Jesus as the suffering Servant
Innocence of Christ
Fulfillment of prophecy (Isaiah 53, Psalm 22)

Theology:
Jesus’ unjust sentencing fulfills God’s redemptive plan, demonstrating that salvation comes through suffering and sacrifice.

2. The Crucifixion of Jesus (vv. 17–27)

Key verses:
“Jesus therefore, bearing his cross…” (v. 17)
“It is finished.” (v. 30)
“Woman, behold thy son!” (v. 26)

Commentary:
Jesus carries His cross to Golgotha, bearing the weight of sin. His final words, “It is finished,” declare the completion of redemption. His care for His mother from the cross shows His humanity and love even in suffering.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Christ’s atoning work is complete and sufficient.
Believers are called to bear their crosses in following Him.
Love and responsibility remain paramount, even amid trials.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Atonement and redemption
Completion of God’s salvific work
Christ’s humanity and compassion

Theology:
The cross is the centerpiece of salvation history—Jesus fully bears the penalty for sin, securing eternal life for believers.

3. The Death of Jesus (vv. 28–37)

Key verses:
“I thirst.” (v. 28)
“They shall look on him whom they pierced.” (v. 37)
“Jesus cried with a loud voice, and gave up the ghost.” (v. 30)

Commentary:
Jesus’ physical death confirms His true humanity. The piercing of His side fulfills prophecy and symbolizes the outpouring of grace and life through His sacrifice. The response of the centurion and others marks recognition of His divine identity.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Jesus’ death is real and necessary for salvation.
Prophecy confirms Jesus as the Messiah.
Believers are called to look to Christ with faith and repentance.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Real death of Christ
Fulfillment of Messianic prophecy
Sacrificial atonement

Theology:
Christ’s death completes the divine plan for salvation, inviting all to believe and receive grace.

4. The Burial of Jesus (vv. 38–42)

Key verses:
“Joseph of Arimathaea… besought Pilate that he might take away the body of Jesus.” (v. 38)
“And laid it in a new sepulchre…” (v. 41)

Commentary:
The burial by Joseph of Arimathea fulfills prophetic expectations and shows reverence for Jesus’ body. The new tomb anticipates the resurrection to come, underscoring God’s power over death.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Faithfulness even in death honors Christ.
Burial prepares the way for resurrection hope.
Believers trust in God’s power beyond the grave.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Respect for Christ’s body
Fulfillment of prophecy
Hope of resurrection

Theology:
The burial is the necessary prelude to resurrection, confirming the bodily reality of Jesus’ death and future victory over death.

IV. Doctrinal Summary of John 19

The Innocence and Suffering of Christ: Jesus is unjustly condemned and mocked yet submits fully.
The Atonement Accomplished: His death is substitutionary and sufficient for salvation.
Fulfillment of Prophecy: Messianic Scriptures are realized in His death and burial.
Hope Beyond Death: Burial points forward to resurrection and eternal life.

John Chapter 20

I. Placement in the Gospel of John

John 20 is the triumphant resurrection chapter, revealing the victory of Jesus Christ over death. It provides the foundation for Christian faith and hope, depicting appearances of the risen Lord and commissioning His disciples.

II. Structure of John 20

The Empty Tomb Discovered (vv. 1–10)
Jesus Appears to Mary Magdalene (vv. 11–18)
Jesus Appears to the Disciples Without Thomas (vv. 19–23)
Jesus Appears to Thomas and Confirms Faith (vv. 24–29)
Purpose of the Gospel of John (vv. 30–31)

III. Commentary (by thought units)

1. The Empty Tomb Discovered (vv. 1–10)

Key verses:
“He is not here: for he is risen, as he said.” (v. 6)
“The disciples saw, and believed.” (v. 8)

Commentary:
Mary Magdalene finds the tomb empty and runs to tell Peter and John. Their investigation confirms the resurrection—Jesus is not dead but alive, just as He foretold. The empty tomb is the first and irrefutable evidence of His victory over death.

Principal Teaching & Application:

The resurrection is the cornerstone of Christian faith.
Believers find assurance and hope in Christ’s victory.
Faith grows as we see and believe in God’s promises fulfilled.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Resurrection of Christ
Historical and physical reality of the resurrection
Foundation of Christian belief

Theology:
The empty tomb testifies that Jesus conquered death, ensuring eternal life for all who believe.

2. Jesus Appears to Mary Magdalene (vv. 11–18)

Key verses:
“Mary Magdalene stood without at the sepulchre weeping...” (v. 11)
“Mary!” (v. 16)
“Touch me not; for I am not yet ascended to my Father.” (v. 17)

Commentary:
Mary’s grief turns to joy as Jesus reveals Himself personally. Her recognition of Him by name highlights the intimate relationship between Christ and His followers. Jesus instructs her to share the news of His resurrection.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Jesus meets His people personally in their sorrow.
Faith involves recognition and personal encounter with Christ.
Believers are commissioned to proclaim the resurrection.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Personal relationship with the risen Christ
Resurrection appearances
Evangelistic mission

Theology:
The risen Christ initiates intimate fellowship and commissions believers as witnesses.

3. Jesus Appears to the Disciples Without Thomas (vv. 19–23)

Key verses:
“Peace be unto you.” (v. 19)
“Receive ye the Holy Ghost.” (v. 22)

Commentary:
Jesus appears to His fearful disciples, offering peace and commissioning them with the Holy Spirit’s power. His greeting reassures them amidst doubt and fear, empowering them for their mission.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Christ’s peace calms anxious hearts.
The Holy Spirit empowers believers for witness and ministry.
Believers receive authority to forgive sins in Christ’s name.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Peace of Christ
Pentecostal empowerment
Ministry of reconciliation

Theology:
The risen Lord imparts peace and commissions His followers through the Spirit.

4. Jesus Appears to Thomas and Confirms Faith (vv. 24–29)

Key verses:
“Except I shall see in his hands the print of the nails...” (v. 25)
“Thomas answered and said unto him, My Lord and my God.” (v. 28)
“Blessed are they that have not seen, and yet have believed.” (v. 29)

Commentary:
Thomas’ doubt and subsequent confession highlight the blessedness of faith without physical proof. Jesus graciously provides evidence to Thomas, leading to a profound declaration of Jesus’ divinity.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Doubt can be addressed with patient, gracious revelation.
True faith recognizes Jesus as Lord and God.
Believers are blessed who trust without seeing.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Faith and doubt
Christ’s divinity affirmed
Blessedness of believing

Theology:
Faith is a gift that trusts in the revealed Christ, even without direct sight.

5. Purpose of the Gospel of John (vv. 30–31)

Key verses:
“These are written that ye might believe that Jesus is the Christ...” (v. 31)

Commentary:
John explicitly states his gospel’s purpose: to lead readers to faith in Jesus as the Messiah and Son of God, resulting in life through His name.

Principal Teaching & Application:

The gospel’s goal is saving faith.
Belief in Jesus as Messiah is essential for eternal life.
Scripture is divinely inspired for faith and salvation.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Soteriology (Doctrine of Salvation)
Authority of Scripture
Faith in Jesus as Christ

Theology:
The gospel is divinely authored to bring sinners to salvation through faith in Christ.

IV. Doctrinal Summary of John 20

Resurrection and Victory: Christ’s resurrection is historically real and foundational for faith.
Personal Encounter with the Risen Lord: Faith involves relational knowledge of Jesus.
Peace and Empowerment: Jesus grants peace and the Holy Spirit to His followers.
Blessed Faith: Believing without seeing is honored by Christ.
Purpose of the Gospel: To produce saving faith in Jesus Christ.

John Chapter 21

I. Placement in the Gospel of John

John 21 serves as an epilogue to the Gospel, providing a final, personal encounter between the risen Jesus and His disciples. It restores Peter after his denial, reaffirms the mission of the disciples, and confirms Jesus’ lordship and purpose.

II. Structure of John 21

Jesus Appears to Seven Disciples by the Sea of Tiberias (vv. 1–14)
Jesus Reinstates Peter (vv. 15–19)
Jesus’ Final Words and the Testimony of the Beloved Disciple (vv. 20–25)

III. Commentary (by thought units)

1. Jesus Appears to Seven Disciples by the Sea of Tiberias (vv. 1–14)

Key verses:
“Cast the net on the right side of the ship, and ye shall find.” (v. 6)
“It was the Lord.” (v. 7)
“Jesus saith unto them, Come and dine.” (v. 12)

Commentary:
After the resurrection, Jesus appears again to seven disciples fishing by the Sea of Tiberias. The miraculous catch of fish demonstrates His continuing power and provision. This scene recalls His earlier ministry when He first called some of these men to be “fishers of men.” The shared meal symbolizes fellowship and restoration.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Jesus provides abundantly for His followers’ needs.
The disciples are called to renewed mission, empowered by Christ.
Fellowship with Christ is both spiritual and practical.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Providence and provision of Christ
Restoration and commissioning
Fellowship in the risen Lord

Theology:
The risen Christ sustains and commissions His disciples for ongoing ministry.

2. Jesus Reinstates Peter (vv. 15–19)

Key verses:
“Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me more than these?” (vv. 15, 16, 17)
“Feed my lambs... feed my sheep.” (vv. 15–17)
“When thou shalt be old, thou shalt stretch forth thy hands...” (v. 18)

Commentary:
Jesus asks Peter three times if he loves Him, mirroring Peter’s three denials. Each affirmation leads to a command to shepherd Christ’s flock, reaffirming Peter’s pastoral role. Jesus also foretells Peter’s future martyrdom, highlighting the cost of faithful service.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Restoration includes confession of love and obedience.
God entrusts leaders with care for His people.
Faithfulness may require suffering and sacrifice.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Restoration and forgiveness
Pastoral responsibility
Suffering in ministry

Theology:
Christ graciously restores fallen leaders and commissions them to faithful service.

3. Jesus’ Final Words and the Testimony of the Beloved Disciple (vv. 20–25)

Key verses:
“Follow thou me.” (v. 22)
“If I will that he tarry till I come, what is that to thee?” (v. 22)
“This is the disciple which testifieth of these things...” (v. 24)

Commentary:
Peter questions Jesus about the beloved disciple’s future. Jesus redirects Peter’s focus back to his own calling—to follow Him faithfully. The chapter closes with a testimony about the beloved disciple, affirming the truth of the Gospel record.

Principal Teaching & Application:

Each believer has a personal call to follow Christ.
Concern for others’ callings must not distract from one’s own obedience.
The Gospel’s truth is reliably testified and preserved.

Doctrinal Emphasis:

Discipleship and obedience
God’s sovereign timing
Reliability of Scripture

Theology:
Faithful following of Christ is individual and God-ordained; the Gospel is trustworthy testimony.

IV. Doctrinal Summary of John 21

Christ’s Provision and Fellowship: Jesus sustains and shares intimate fellowship with His followers.
Restoration of Peter: Christ restores and commissions repentant believers for ministry.
Call to Discipleship: Each disciple is personally called to follow Jesus without distraction.
Trustworthiness of the Gospel: The testimony of Jesus’ life and resurrection is confirmed through eyewitnesses.

Compiled By Kenneth Malenge