Epistle of Romans



Why Study Romans?

The Epistle to the Romans stands at the pinnacle of Christian doctrine and spiritual formation. To study Romans is to enter into the very heart of the gospel—the righteousness of God revealed to sinful humanity.

Romans answers life’s biggest questions:

  • What is the gospel?
  • How can a sinner be right with God?
  • What is the place of the law and grace?
  • How should we live as those saved by grace?

No book of the Bible has had such a consistent and far-reaching impact on the church and world history. It has not only clarified doctrine but also ignited powerful revivals and transformed countless lives.

Historic Impact of Romans in Revivals:

  • Augustine of Hippo (4th Century) – A brilliant but sinful young man, Augustine was converted after reading Romans 13:13–14. This experience birthed one of the greatest theologians in church history.
  • Martin Luther (16th Century) – Struggling with guilt and legalism, Luther found freedom in Romans 1:17: "The just shall live by faith." This became the rallying cry of the Protestant Reformation.
  • John Wesley (18th Century) – While listening to Luther’s Preface to Romans, Wesley’s heart was “strangely warmed,” leading to the Methodist revival.
  • Karl Barth (20th Century) – His commentary on Romans awakened a renewed interest in biblical theology in Europe after the liberal theological decline.
  • Countless others – From Jonathan Edwards to John Stott, Romans has fueled reform, revival, and missions throughout the centuries.

Uniqueness and Contribution to the Bible:

Romans is the most systematic presentation of Christian doctrine in the Bible. Unlike narrative, prophetic, or poetic books, Romans is a theological treatise that explains why and how the gospel works. While all Scripture is inspired, Romans occupies a central place in understanding:

  • The universal guilt of mankind (Romans 1–3),
  • The doctrine of justification by faith (Romans 3–5),
  • The work of the Holy Spirit (Romans 8),
  • God’s plan for Israel and the nations (Romans 9–11), and
  • The transformed Christian life (Romans 12–15).

It is not just one of the 66 books—it is the doctrinal spine of the New Testament epistles.

Bible Survey: The Epistle to the Romans

1. Title and Nature of the Book

What Are the Epistles and What Is Their Function?

The epistles are letters written by apostles and church leaders to individuals or congregations. They serve to:

  • Explain and apply the teachings of Christ.
  • Clarify doctrine, correct errors, and instruct believers in holy living.
  • Build up the Church in sound teaching, unity, and spiritual maturity. Romans stands out as the most comprehensive doctrinal epistle among them.
  • Romans – Named after the recipients, the church in Rome.
  • It is a doctrinal epistle, offering the fullest and most structured explanation of the gospel in the Bible.

2. Author

  • Paul the Apostle, originally known as Saul of Tarsus.

Who Was Paul?

  • Name: Saul (Hebrew: asked for) was his Jewish name; Paul (Latin: small or humble) was his Roman name. After his calling to the Gentiles, the name Paul became prominent (Acts 13:9).
  • Home Town: Tarsus in Cilicia (modern-day Turkey), a prominent city of learning (Acts 22:3).
  • Background:
    • A Pharisee, trained under Gamaliel (Acts 22:3).
    • A Roman citizen by birth (Acts 22:28).
    • Zealous for the law and a persecutor of Christians before conversion (Philippians 3:5–6; Acts 8:1–3).
  • Why Paul?
    • Paul's deep understanding of both Jewish law and Greco-Roman culture, combined with his dramatic conversion and divine calling, made him uniquely equipped to articulate the gospel with theological clarity, especially in a diverse context like Rome.

3. Date and Place of Writing

  • Written around A.D. 56–58, during Paul’s third missionary journey in Corinth.

4. Recipients

  • The church at Rome—a mix of Jewish and Gentile believers.
  • Paul had not visited them yet but intended to.

5. Purpose of the Letter

  • To explain the gospel clearly.
  • To unite Jews and Gentiles in the body of Christ.
  • To lay the foundation for missionary work in Spain (Romans 15:24).
  • To clarify God’s righteousness and human sinfulness.

6. Central Theme

“The righteousness of God revealed in the gospel.” Romans 1:16–17

7. Key Chapter

  • Romans 8 – The life of the Spirit, the assurance of salvation, and the love of God that nothing can separate.

8. Paul’s Use of Language and Style

  • Paul writes with logical precision, often using diatribe (imaginary dialogue) to anticipate objections (e.g., Romans 6:1).
  • He uses key terms with rich theological depth:
    • Justification – legal acquittal by God.
    • Sanctification – growth in holiness.
    • Propitiation – Christ satisfying God's wrath (Romans 3:25).
    • Imputation – righteousness credited to the believer (Romans 4:5).
  • His Greek is sophisticated, but his arguments are clear, tight, and persuasive—often ending in worship (e.g., Romans 11:33–36).

9. Outline (with Key Verses)

I. Introduction and Theme (1:1–17)

  • Key Verse: Romans 1:16–17
    Paul’s identity, the gospel's power, and the theme of righteousness by faith.

II. Condemnation – The Need for Righteousness (1:18–3:20)

  • Key Verse: Romans 3:10 – "There is none righteous, no, not one."

III. Justification – The Gift of Righteousness (3:21–5:21)

  • Key Verse: Romans 5:1 – "Therefore being justified by faith, we have peace with God."

IV. Sanctification – The Life of Righteousness (6:1–8:39)

  • Key Verse: Romans 6:4 – "Walk in newness of life."
  • Key Chapter: Romans 8 – Victory through the Spirit.

V. Sovereignty – God's Righteousness in His Plan (9:1–11:36)

  • Key Verse: Romans 11:36 – "For of him, and through him, and to him, are all things."

VI. Exhortation – Living Out Righteousness (12:1–15:13)

  • Key Verse: Romans 12:1 – "Present your bodies a living sacrifice."

VII. Paul’s Travel Plans and Final Greetings (15:14–16:27)

  • Key Verse: Romans 15:20 – "To preach the gospel not where Christ was named."

10. Suggested Goals for the Study

  • To develop doctrinal depth.
  • To apply biblical truth to life.
  • To cultivate humble worship rooted in grace.
  • To equip students for evangelism and teaching.

Romans is not merely a book to be studied—it is a life-altering revelation of God’s saving work in Christ. This introduction sets the foundation for deeper exploration of gospel truth that transforms minds and lives.

I've added:

  1. The four foundational questions Romans answers under the "Why Study Romans?" section.
  2. A new explanation of what epistles are and their function in the Bible, placed at the beginning of the “Title and Nature” section.

Romans Chapters 1–3

Theme of the Section: The Gospel Reveals God’s Righteousness; All People Need It Because All Are Sinners

I. Romans 1:1–17 – Introduction and the Main Message of the Book

1.1 Paul Introduces Himself (1:1–7)

Paul calls himself a servant of Jesus Christ. This means he is fully submitted to Christ and serves Him as his Master.
He is also an apostle, a special messenger sent by Christ with authority to preach the gospel—which means “good news.”
The gospel Paul preaches was not something new. It had already been promised long ago through the prophets in the Old Testament (e.g., Genesis 12:3; Isaiah 52:7).

The gospel is about Jesus Christ:

  • He came as a descendant of David, showing He fulfilled the Old Testament promise of a coming King (v. 3).
  • He was declared to be the Son of God with power through His resurrection (v. 4).
  • He is both human (by birth) and divine (by resurrection).

Paul reminds the believers in Rome that they are called to be saints (holy ones), not because of their works, but because they belong to Christ (v. 6–7).

1.2 Paul's Desire to Preach in Rome (1:8–15)

Paul thanks God for their faith, which is known everywhere.
He prays for them often and desires to visit them, not only to teach them but also to be encouraged by their faith.
He sees himself as a debtor—he owes the gospel to everyone, both educated and uneducated, Jews and non-Jews.

1.3 The Theme of Romans (1:16–17)

“For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth...”

This is the most important verse in this section.
Paul boldly says he is not ashamed of the gospel because:

  • The gospel is not weak—it is the power of God to save.
  • It saves everyone who believes, whether Jew or Gentile.
  • Through the gospel, the righteousness of God is revealed—not our righteousness, but God’s perfect way of making people right with Him.
  • This righteousness is received by faith from start to finish, as the Old Testament says: “The just shall live by faith” (Habakkuk 2:4).

II. Romans 1:18–3:20 – The Need for God’s Righteousness: All Are Guilty

Paul now explains why everyone—Gentile or Jew—needs the gospel.
All people have sinned and fall short of God’s righteousness. No one is right with God by their own efforts.

2.1 God’s Judgment on the Gentile World (1:18–32)

God’s Wrath Is Revealed (v. 18)

God is angry—not in a sinful way, but a holy way—against all sin and rebellion.
People suppress the truth about God by their sinful actions.

God Has Revealed Himself to All (v. 19–20)

God has shown His invisible qualities through creation.

  • People can know there is a powerful, eternal God just by looking at nature.
  • Therefore, they are without excuse.

Man Turned Away from God (v. 21–23)

Even though people knew God existed, they did not honor Him or give Him thanks.
Instead, they became spiritually foolish and made idols—images of people, animals, and other created things.

God Gave Them Up (v. 24–32)

Because of their sin, God let them follow their sinful desires.
Three times it says, “God gave them up...” (vv. 24, 26, 28), showing God’s judgment on persistent rebellion.

This led to:

  • Sexual impurity
  • Homosexual behavior (vv. 26–27)
  • A long list of sins (vv. 29–31), including envy, murder, lies, pride, and disobedience to parents.

Key Point: People do not become sinners because they sin—they sin because they are sinners by nature.

2.2 God’s Judgment on the Moralist (2:1–16)

Some people may say, “I’m not like those evil sinners.”
But Paul says: If you judge others while doing the same things, you are guilty too.

God’s Judgment Is Righteous (v. 2–5)

  • God sees the heart.
  • You may appear good on the outside, but God knows your secrets.
  • God’s kindness is meant to lead you to repentance, not pride.

God Judges All People Justly (v. 6–11)

God will reward or punish based on what each person has done, whether Jew or Gentile.
This is not about earning salvation by works, but proving what is truly in the heart (cf. James 2:14–20).
God is impartial.

Law and Conscience (v. 12–16)

  • Jews had the written Law.
  • Gentiles had no Law, but God gave them conscience—an inner sense of right and wrong.
  • On judgment day, God will judge not just actions, but even secrets, by Jesus Christ.

2.3 God’s Judgment on the Jews (2:17–3:8)

Having the Law Doesn’t Save (2:17–24)

  • The Jews had God’s law and boasted in it, but they broke it.
  • They taught others but didn’t obey themselves.
  • Because of this, the name of God was dishonored among Gentiles.

True Circumcision Is of the Heart (2:25–29)

  • Circumcision was a sign of the covenant, but it only had value if obeyed with a sincere heart.
  • A true Jew is one inwardly, not just outwardly.
  • This speaks of regeneration—a new heart from God (cf. Deuteronomy 30:6; Philippians 3:3).

God Is Faithful Even When People Fail (3:1–8)

Paul answers objections:

  • Even if Jews were unfaithful, God is still faithful.
  • Human sin does not make God unrighteous—He will judge all fairly.

2.4 Universal Guilt of All People (3:9–20)

Paul now brings the final conclusion:

“There is none righteous, no, not one.” (v. 10)

He quotes several Old Testament verses (mainly from Psalms) to show the total sinfulness of all mankind.

The Nature of Man’s Sin (v. 10–18)

  • No one understands or seeks after God.
  • All have turned away.
  • Their speech is sinful (lying, cursing).
  • Their actions are violent.
  • They do not fear God.

The Role of the Law (v. 19–20)

  • The law cannot save anyone.
  • The law was given to show people their sin and make them see their need for God’s righteousness.
  • “By the law is the knowledge of sin.”

Conclusion: The Message of Romans 1–3

Truth Explanation
The Gospel is God's power to save Not by works, but by faith in Christ
All people are sinners Gentiles, moralists, and Jews—all fall short
No one can be righteous by their own efforts The law only shows sin; it cannot remove it
Everyone needs the righteousness of God This righteousness will be explained in Romans 3:21 and onwards

Romans 3:21–31 – The Revelation of God’s Righteousness Through Faith

Theme of the Section:

God declares sinners righteous through faith in Jesus Christ, not by their works.

3.1 God’s Righteousness Revealed Apart from the Law (v. 21)

“But now the righteousness of God without the law is manifested...”

Paul begins with the words “But now...”—this marks a great turning point in the argument.

  • For three chapters, Paul has shown that everyone is a sinner, and no one can be righteous by keeping the law.
  • Now he reveals how sinners can become righteous before God.

Key truth:

  • God’s righteousness (His perfect, holy standard) is now revealed apart from the law.
  • This righteousness is not new—it was witnessed by the Law and the Prophets (the Old Testament), for example:
    • Abraham believed God (Genesis 15:6 – cf. Romans 4).
    • David spoke of forgiveness without works (Psalm 32 – cf. Romans 4:6–8).

3.2 Righteousness by Faith in Jesus Christ (v. 22–23)

“Even the righteousness of God which is by faith of Jesus Christ unto all and upon all them that believe...”

  • This righteousness comes through faith, not by trying to keep the law.
  • It is given to all who believe, without distinction between Jew or Gentile.
  • Why? Because all have sinned and fall short of God’s glory (v. 23).

Important doctrines:

  • Justification means being declared “not guilty” or “righteous” in God’s sight.
  • Faith is trusting completely in what Jesus did—His death and resurrection—not in our good works.

3.3 Justification by Grace Through Redemption (v. 24–26)

“Being justified freely by his grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus...”

Paul explains how this salvation works:

(1) “Justified freely by His grace”

  • “Freely” means without payment from us—it's a gift (cf. Ephesians 2:8–9).
  • “Grace” is undeserved favor. God saves sinners because of His kindness, not because they earn it.

(2) “Through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus”

  • Redemption means being bought back from slavery—Jesus paid the price with His blood (cf. 1 Peter 1:18–19).

(3) Jesus as a Propitiation (v. 25)

“Whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation through faith in his blood...”

  • Propitiation means a sacrifice that satisfies God’s wrath.
  • Jesus took our punishment. God’s justice and anger against sin were satisfied when Jesus died.
  • This is received by faith in His blood—trusting that His death fully paid for our sins.

(4) God’s Justice and Mercy (v. 25–26)

  • In the past, God “passed over” sins (e.g., Old Testament believers) because Christ’s death would cover them.
  • Now, God shows He is both just (righteous) and the justifier (Savior) of the one who believes in Jesus.

3.4 No Room for Boasting (v. 27–28)

“Where is boasting then? It is excluded...”

  • No one can boast about being saved by their own efforts.
  • We are justified by faith without the deeds of the law.
  • The law cannot make us righteous—it only shows our sin (see v. 20 again).

3.5 God Is the God of All People (v. 29–30)

“Is he the God of the Jews only? Is he not also of the Gentiles? Yes, of the Gentiles also...”

  • Salvation by faith is not just for the Jews.
  • Since there is only one God, there is only one way of salvation—for everyone.
  • Both Jews (circumcision) and Gentiles (uncircumcision) are saved by faith.

3.6 Do We Then Cancel the Law? (v. 31)

“Do we then make void the law through faith? God forbid: yea, we establish the law.”

  • Paul answers a possible question: If salvation is by faith, does that make the law useless?
  • Absolutely not. Faith fulfills the law, because:
    • The law points us to Christ (Galatians 3:24).
    • Jesus fulfilled the law perfectly (Matthew 5:17).
    • The gospel shows the seriousness of sin the law revealed.

Doctrinal Summary of Romans 3:21–31

Doctrine Explanation
Justification God declares a sinner righteous through faith in Christ, not by works.
Grace Salvation is a free gift, not earned.
Redemption Jesus paid the price to free us from sin.
Propitiation Jesus satisfied the wrath of God by His death.
Faith Trusting in Christ’s work, not our own righteousness.
No boasting Since salvation is by grace through faith, no one can take credit.

Conclusion: Romans 1–3 as One Message

Paul has now completed the first part of his teaching on salvation:

Section Main Point
1:1–17 The gospel reveals the righteousness of God, received by faith.
1:18–3:20 All people—Gentiles and Jews—are sinners and guilty.
3:21–31 God provides righteousness through Jesus Christ, received by faith.

This sets the foundation for Romans 4, where Paul will prove this teaching from the life of Abraham.

Certainly! Below is a self-explanatory and doctrinally sound class note on Romans 4, written in simple and precise language, suitable for personal reading without a teacher, while retaining important theological terms.

Romans Chapter 4 – Justification Illustrated by Abraham and David

Theme of the Chapter:

Justification is by faith, not by works or religious rituals. Abraham was counted righteous before God by believing, not by doing.

4.1 Why Use Abraham as an Example? (v. 1–3)

“What shall we say then that Abraham our father, as pertaining to the flesh, hath found?”

  • Paul uses Abraham, the father of the Jewish nation, as the main example to prove that justification is by faith, not works.
  • If Abraham had been justified by works, he could have boasted. But the Scripture says:

“Abraham believed God, and it was counted unto him for righteousness.” (Genesis 15:6)

Key Term:

  • Justified = Declared righteous by God.
  • Counted (or imputed) = Treated as righteous because of faith.

4.2 Justification Is a Gift, Not a Payment (v. 4–5)

“Now to him that worketh is the reward not reckoned of grace, but of debt...”

  • If someone works a job, their wages are earned, not given freely.
  • But with God, salvation is not something we earn.
  • To the one who does not work, but believes in God who justifies the ungodly, his faith is counted for righteousness.

Key Doctrine:

  • Salvation is by grace, not debt.
  • God justifies the ungodly, not the religious or self-righteous.

4.3 David Also Spoke of Justification Without Works (v. 6–8)

“Even as David also describeth the blessedness of the man, unto whom God imputeth righteousness without works...”

  • David (in Psalm 32) described the blessedness of having sins forgiven:

“Blessed are they whose iniquities are forgiven, and whose sins are covered.”
“Blessed is the man to whom the Lord will not impute sin.”

Application:

  • David, though he had sinned terribly (e.g., with Bathsheba), was forgiven by grace, not works.
  • This forgiveness was imputed—not earned.

4.4 Abraham Was Justified Before Circumcision (v. 9–12)

“Faith was reckoned to Abraham for righteousness... when he was in uncircumcision.”

Paul now answers a question:

  • Was Abraham justified because of circumcision, a Jewish religious sign?

No. Abraham believed God and was justified in Genesis 15, but was circumcised in Genesis 17—many years later.

Why is this important?

  • It proves that justification is not by religious rituals, but by faith alone.
  • Abraham is the father of all who believe—both uncircumcised Gentiles and circumcised Jews who follow his faith.

4.5 The Promise Was Not Through the Law (v. 13–15)

“For the promise... was not to Abraham, or to his seed, through the law, but through the righteousness of faith.”

  • God promised Abraham that he would be heir of the world (meaning: father of many nations, and spiritual blessings to the world).
  • This promise was not based on the law, because the law came later through Moses (Exodus 20).
  • If salvation comes by law-keeping, then faith is useless, and the promise fails.
  • The law brings wrath, because no one can keep it perfectly.

4.6 The Promise Comes by Faith, So It Can Be by Grace (v. 16–17)

“Therefore it is of faith, that it might be by grace...”

  • Faith makes salvation accessible to all, whether Jew or Gentile.
  • God’s promise is certain because it depends on God’s grace, not man’s performance.
  • God is the one who gives life to the dead and calls things that do not exist as though they do. This describes Abraham’s hope in God’s power.

4.7 Abraham’s Faith in God’s Power and Promise (v. 18–22)

“Who against hope believed in hope...”

Even though Abraham was nearly 100 years old, and Sarah’s womb was dead (unable to bear children),

  • He did not stagger at God’s promise,
  • He was fully persuaded that what God had promised, He was able to perform.

“Therefore it was imputed to him for righteousness.”

Key Point:

  • Abraham’s faith was not perfect, but it was genuine.
  • He trusted in God’s power and promise, even when the situation seemed impossible.

4.8 Application to Us: Faith in Jesus Christ (v. 23–25)

“Now it was not written for his sake alone... but for us also...”

The message is not only about Abraham.

We are also justified if we believe:

  • In God who raised Jesus from the dead,
  • That Jesus was delivered for our offenses (sins),
  • And raised again for our justification.

Doctrinal Summary of Romans 4

Doctrine Explanation
Justification by Faith Abraham and David were declared righteous without works.
Imputed Righteousness God credits righteousness to those who believe, not to those who perform.
Faith Before Circumcision Abraham was justified before he was circumcised—proving faith, not ritual, saves.
Salvation Is for All Abraham is the spiritual father of all who believe, Jew or Gentile.
Faith in God’s Promise Saving faith trusts God's promise and power, even when things seem impossible.
Christ's Resurrection Jesus' resurrection proves God accepted His sacrifice. Faith in Him justifies us.

Conclusion: Romans 4 in the Big Picture of the Gospel

Chapter Key Message
Romans 1 The gospel reveals God’s righteousness
Romans 2 Morality and religion cannot save
Romans 3 All have sinned; righteousness comes by faith in Christ
Romans 4 Justification is illustrated by Abraham and David; it's by faith, not works or law

Romans Chapter 5 – The Results of Justification and the Reign of Grace

Theme of the Chapter:

Justification by faith brings peace with God, and through Christ we are given far more than we lost in Adam.

5.1 Peace and Privileges from Justification (v. 1–5)

“Therefore being justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ...”

What does justification bring?

(1) Peace with God (v. 1)

  • We were once enemies of God because of sin (cf. Romans 5:10).
  • Now, through Christ, we have peace, not as a feeling, but as a new relationship.
  • There is no more hostility—God is no longer against us in judgment.

(2) Access into Grace (v. 2a)

  • Through Christ, we have access into God’s favor (grace).
  • Like being invited into the King’s throne room—we now stand accepted (cf. Ephesians 2:18).

(3) Rejoicing in Hope (v. 2b)

  • We rejoice in the hope of the glory of God—we look forward to full salvation and being glorified with Christ (cf. Colossians 1:27).

(4) Rejoicing in Tribulation (v. 3–4)

  • We can even rejoice in sufferings—not because suffering is good, but because God uses it:
    • Tribulation produces patience (endurance),
    • Patience produces experience (proven character),
    • Experience leads to hope—confidence in God.

(5) Love of God in Our Hearts (v. 5)

  • This hope is not empty—God has poured His love into our hearts through the Holy Ghost.
  • The Holy Spirit is the seal of God’s love and our assurance (cf. Romans 8:16; Ephesians 1:13–14).

5.2 Christ Died for the Ungodly (v. 6–11)

Paul now describes the greatness of God’s love for us in Christ:

“For when we were yet without strength, in due time Christ died for the ungodly.” (v. 6)

(1) Our Helpless State (v. 6)

  • We were spiritually powerless (“without strength”) and ungodly.
  • Jesus died at the right time, according to God's plan (cf. Galatians 4:4).

(2) Rare Human Love vs. God’s Love (v. 7–8)

  • It is rare for someone to die even for a good person.
  • But God shows His love by Christ dying for us while we were yet sinners.

“Christ died for us” – this is the heart of the gospel.

(3) Saved from Wrath (v. 9)

  • Because we are now justified by His blood, we will be saved from God’s wrath on judgment day.

(4) Reconciled to God (v. 10–11)

  • Even when we were enemies, God reconciled us to Himself through Jesus’ death.
  • Reconciliation = restoring a broken relationship.
  • If Christ’s death saved us, then His resurrected life continues to secure us.

“We joy in God...” – Our joy is now in God Himself, not just His gifts.

5.3 Adam and Christ: Two Representatives (v. 12–21)

Paul now compares Adam and Christ, showing how sin entered through Adam, and how salvation comes through Christ.

(1) Sin Entered Through One Man (v. 12–14)

“Wherefore, as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin...”

  • Adam’s sin brought sin and death into the human race.
  • All sinned in Adam, meaning he represented us (cf. 1 Corinthians 15:22).
  • Death spread to all—spiritual and physical death.
  • Even before the law (Moses), people died—this shows that sin was already present.

(2) Christ Is the Second Adam (v. 15–19)

Paul now explains that Jesus Christ is the opposite of Adam.

Adam Christ
One man's sin brought death to many (v. 15) One man’s grace brought life to many
One offense brought condemnation (v. 16) One gift brought justification
Death reigned through one man (v. 17) Believers reign in life through Christ
One man's disobedience made many sinners (v. 19) One man's obedience made many righteous

Key idea: We were condemned in Adam, but justified in Christ.
We are saved not by our works, but by Christ’s representative obedience.

(3) The Role of the Law (v. 20)

“Moreover the law entered, that the offence might abound...”

  • The law came not to remove sin, but to reveal it more clearly.
  • It makes sin appear more sinful by showing God's perfect standard.

“But where sin abounded, grace did much more abound.”

  • God’s grace is greater than all our sin.
  • No matter how great our sin, grace overflows even more.

(4) Grace Reigns Through Righteousness (v. 21)

“That as sin hath reigned unto death, even so might grace reign through righteousness unto eternal life by Jesus Christ our Lord.”

  • Sin ruled in Adam and led to death.
  • Now grace rules through Christ and leads to eternal life.

Doctrinal Summary of Romans 5

Doctrine Explanation
Justification Brings peace with God and access into His grace
Reconciliation God has restored the broken relationship through Christ’s death
Original Sin All humans sinned in Adam and share his guilt and nature
Representation Adam represented us in sin; Christ represents believers in righteousness
Grace vs. Law Law exposes sin; grace overcomes sin and brings life
Union with Christ Believers are joined to Christ’s life and righteousness, not Adam’s sin

Conclusion: Why Romans 5 Matters

Romans 5 shows us:

  • The blessings we now enjoy because we have been justified.
  • The security of our salvation—Christ’s work saves and keeps us.
  • That sin is universal, but grace is greater.
  • That Adam and Christ represent two groups:
    • In Adam: sin, death, condemnation.
    • In Christ: righteousness, life, justification.

Romans Chapter 6 – Freedom from Sin, Not Freedom to Sin

Theme of the Chapter:

Justification by faith does not lead to sinful living. Instead, believers are united with Christ and are called to live in holiness, not slavery to sin.

6.1 Answering a False Accusation (v. 1–2)

“What shall we say then? Shall we continue in sin, that grace may abound? God forbid.”

Paul had just said in Romans 5:20, “where sin abounded, grace did much more abound.”
Now he deals with a wrong idea:

“If God gives more grace when we sin, shouldn’t we just keep sinning so more grace will come?”

Paul strongly rejects that idea:

“God forbid!” (Greek: μη γένοιτο) – meaning “Absolutely not!”

Key Point:

  • True salvation by grace does not lead to more sin, but to a new life in holiness.

6.2 Union with Christ in His Death and Resurrection (v. 3–5)

“Know ye not, that so many of us as were baptized into Jesus Christ were baptized into his death?”

(1) What does “baptized into Christ” mean?

  • Not just water baptism, but spiritual union with Christ.
  • When a believer is saved, he is joined with Christ in His death and resurrection.

(2) Why is this important?

  • We died with Christ to sin.
  • We rose with Christ to walk in newness of life (a new kind of life).

Illustration:

  • Just as Jesus died and was buried, we also “died” to sin.
  • Just as He rose again, we are now spiritually alive to God.

6.3 The Old Man Is Crucified (v. 6–7)

“Knowing this, that our old man is crucified with him...”

  • “Old man” = our old sinful self, under Adam and under the power of sin.
  • At salvation, the old self was crucified with Christ.

Result:

  • The body of sin is rendered powerless (“destroyed” = brought to nothing).
  • We are no longer slaves to sin.

“He that is dead is freed from sin.”

  • Death breaks the legal power of sin, just as a slave is free when he dies.

6.4 Alive to God (v. 8–11)

“If we be dead with Christ, we believe that we shall also live with him...”

  • Christ died once and now lives forever—death has no more power over Him.
  • Likewise, we are to see ourselves the same way:
    • Dead to sin
    • Alive to God through Jesus Christ

Application:

  • This is a mental transformation: we must believe what God says about us is true.
  • Sin is no longer our master; Christ is.

6.5 Presenting Ourselves to God (v. 12–14)

“Let not sin therefore reign in your mortal body...”

Paul now moves from what is true (doctrine) to what we must do (practice):

Instructions:

  • Do not let sin control your body or obey its desires.
  • Do not yield your body to sin as instruments (weapons) of unrighteousness.
  • Instead, present yourself to God—as someone alive from the dead.

“Sin shall not have dominion over you, for ye are not under the law, but under grace.”

Key Doctrine:

  • Being under grace means God has given us power through Christ to overcome sin.
  • Grace is not freedom to sin—it’s freedom from sin’s power.

6.6 Slaves of Righteousness (v. 15–18)

“What then? shall we sin, because we are not under the law, but under grace? God forbid.”

Again Paul rejects a misunderstanding:
“If we’re not under the law, can we just sin freely?”
No! Why?

Explanation:

  • Whoever you obey, you are a slave to that master—either:
    • Sin (leading to death), or
    • Obedience (leading to righteousness).

The Good News (v. 17–18):

“Ye were the servants of sin, but ye have obeyed from the heart...”
“Being made free from sin, ye became the servants of righteousness.”

  • The believer is no longer a slave to sin.
  • Salvation changes our heart and direction.

6.7 Presenting Your Body for Holiness (v. 19–23)

“As ye have yielded your members servants to uncleanness... so now yield... unto holiness.”

Paul speaks plainly using the image of slavery to help us understand:

Before salvation:

  • You used your body for sin (uncleanness and iniquity).

Now in Christ:

  • Use your body for righteousness and holiness.

6.8 Fruit and End Results (v. 20–23)

When you were in sin Now in Christ
You were free from righteousness (v. 20) You are free from sin (v. 22)
The fruit of sin was shame and death (v. 21) The fruit of holiness is eternal life (v. 22)

“The wages of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord.” (v. 23)

Summary:

  • Sin earns wages—death (both spiritual and eternal).
  • But eternal life is not earned—it is a gift, freely given through Christ.

Doctrinal Summary of Romans 6

Doctrine Explanation
Union with Christ Believers are united to Christ in His death and resurrection.
Freedom from Sin Believers are no longer slaves to sin but can walk in newness of life.
Sanctification After justification, believers grow in holiness by presenting themselves to God.
Grace and Obedience Grace teaches us to deny sin and serve God, not indulge in sin.
Eternal Life Eternal life is a gift of grace, not a reward for good works.

Conclusion: The Message of Romans 6

  • True salvation breaks the power of sin.
  • The believer’s new identity is in Christ, not in Adam or the old life.
  • God calls believers not just to be saved, but to be sanctified—to live holy lives by grace.
  • Grace is not a license to sin—it is power to obey.

Romans Chapter 7 – The Law, the Flesh, and the Struggle Within

Theme of the Chapter:

The believer has died to the law through Christ, but still struggles with sin because of the flesh. The law is good, but it cannot save or sanctify.

7.1 Freed from the Law by Death (v. 1–6)

“Know ye not... how that the law hath dominion over a man as long as he liveth?”

(1) The Law’s Authority Ends at Death (v. 1–3)

Paul uses the example of marriage to explain a spiritual truth:

  • A woman is bound to her husband as long as he lives.
  • If he dies, she is free to marry another.

Application:

  • We were once bound to the Law, just like a wife to her husband.
  • But when Christ died, and we were joined to Him, we also died to the Law.
  • Now we belong to another husband—Christ (v. 4), to bring forth fruit unto God.

(2) New Life in the Spirit, Not the Letter (v. 5–6)

  • Before salvation, the sinful passions were stirred up by the Law.
  • But now, we are delivered from the Law, and serve God in newness of spirit, not the old letter (cf. 2 Corinthians 3:6).

⚠ The Law exposes sin but cannot free us from it.

7.2 Is the Law Sinful? No! (v. 7–13)

“What shall we say then? Is the law sin? God forbid.” (v. 7)

(1) The Law Exposes Sin (v. 7–8)

  • Paul would not have known covetousness unless the Law had said, “Thou shalt not covet.” (Exodus 20:17)
  • The Law is like a mirror—it shows what sin is.
  • But sin took advantage of the commandment and stirred up more desire (“wrought in me all manner of concupiscence” – v. 8).

(2) Sin Deceives and Kills (v. 9–11)

  • Paul says he once thought he was spiritually alive.
  • But when the Law truly came to him, sin revived, and he saw his true condition—spiritually dead.
  • Sin used the good Law to bring condemnation.

(3) The Law Is Holy, But Sin Is the Problem (v. 12–13)

“Wherefore the law is holy, and the commandment holy, and just, and good.” (v. 12)

  • The Law is not bad—it reflects God’s holiness.
  • But it shows how evil sin truly is, because sin takes what is good and uses it to destroy.

7.3 The Struggle with Sin in the Flesh (v. 14–25)

This is one of the most honest and personal sections in Paul’s writings.

Question: Is Paul describing a believer or unbeliever?

  • He uses present tense (“I am”)
  • He desires to do good (v. 18)
  • He delights in God’s law (v. 22)
    👉 Therefore, this describes a true believer—but one who still battles the flesh.

(1) The Conflict Between Two Natures (v. 14–20)

“For the good that I would I do not: but the evil which I would not, that I do.” (v. 19)

  • Paul admits that he wants to do good, but often does evil instead.
  • Why? Because though he is saved, he still has a sinful nature—called the flesh.
  • There is a battle inside every believer between:
    • The new heart (desiring God’s will), and
    • The old sinful nature (flesh).

Key Doctrine:

  • Indwelling sin remains in the believer, but does not reign.
  • It causes conflict, weakness, and even failure—but not final defeat.

(2) The Law of Sin vs. the Law of God (v. 21–23)

“I find then a law, that, when I would do good, evil is present with me.” (v. 21)

  • Paul discovers a spiritual principle:
    Even when he wants to obey God, sin is still active in his body.

  • He delights in God’s law in the inner man (his new nature).

  • But there is another “law” in his members (body), fighting against his mind.

Vocabulary:

  • Law of sin = the power and principle of sin in the flesh.
  • Law of God = God’s holy will as revealed in Scripture.

(3) Cry for Deliverance and Hope in Christ (v. 24–25)

“O wretched man that I am! who shall deliver me from the body of this death?”

  • Paul cries out in frustration—he feels trapped in a body still affected by sin.
  • But the answer is not in himself—it is in Jesus Christ.

“I thank God through Jesus Christ our Lord.”

Final Summary (v. 25b):

  • With the mind (the new nature), Paul serves the law of God.
  • But with the flesh, he still struggles with sin.

Doctrinal Summary of Romans 7

Doctrine Explanation
Law and Sin The Law is good, but it reveals and provokes sin. It cannot save.
Indwelling Sin Believers still have a sinful nature (the flesh) that wars against the new nature.
New vs. Old Nature The believer desires to obey God but struggles because of remaining sin.
Spiritual Conflict Christians experience an ongoing internal battle between sin and holiness.
Need for Christ Only Jesus delivers us from the power of the flesh. Victory is not by effort, but by grace.

Conclusion: The Message of Romans 7

Part Message
v. 1–6 Believers are no longer under the Law; they are joined to Christ.
v. 7–13 The Law is good, but it exposes and provokes sin.
v. 14–25 Even believers struggle with sin, but hope is in Jesus Christ.

Romans 7 teaches that even after justification, we still need grace every day. Our victory is not found in willpower or law, but in our union with Christ—a message that Romans 8 will powerfully continue.

Romans Chapter 8 – Life in the Spirit and the Security of the Believer

Theme of the Chapter:

There is no condemnation for those in Christ. The Holy Spirit gives power over sin, assurance of sonship, hope in suffering, and the certainty of God’s eternal love.

8.1 No Condemnation in Christ (v. 1–4)

“There is therefore now no condemnation to them which are in Christ Jesus...” (v. 1)

Key Truths:

  • “No condemnation” means no judgment or sentence of guilt for sin.
  • This is true now for all who are in Christ Jesus (united to Him by faith).
  • This freedom is not for everyone, but only for those who walk after the Spirit, not the flesh.

“The law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus hath made me free from the law of sin and death.” (v. 2)

  • Two “laws” (powers) are at work:
    • The law of sin and death enslaves the flesh.
    • The Spirit of life brings freedom through Christ.

How was this accomplished? (v. 3–4)

  • The Law couldn’t save us because of our weak flesh.
  • But God sent His Son in the likeness of sinful flesh and condemned sin on the cross.
  • Now, the righteousness of the law is fulfilled in those who walk by the Spirit.

8.2 The Two Mindsets: Flesh vs. Spirit (v. 5–11)

Those in the Flesh Those in the Spirit
Mind things of the flesh (v. 5) Mind things of the Spirit
Carnal mind = death (v. 6) Spiritual mind = life and peace
Cannot please God (v. 8) The Spirit of God dwells in them (v. 9)
Spirit is dead because of sin (v. 10) Spirit is life because of righteousness

Summary:

  • A person is either in the flesh (unsaved) or in the Spirit (saved).
  • If the Holy Spirit dwells in you, you belong to Christ.
  • The Spirit gives life, even though our physical bodies still face death.

“If the Spirit... dwell in you, he... shall also quicken your mortal bodies.” (v. 11)

8.3 Sonship Through the Spirit (v. 12–17)

“As many as are led by the Spirit of God, they are the sons of God.” (v. 14)

What the Spirit Does:

  • Leads us (v. 14): we are guided by God in how we live.
  • Adopts us (v. 15): we are no longer slaves to fear but are God's children.

“Abba, Father” – an intimate cry of trust and love.

  • Bears witness (v. 16): the Spirit assures our hearts that we truly belong to God.
  • Makes us heirs (v. 17): we are joint-heirs with Christ—destined for glory after suffering.

8.4 Suffering and Hope in Future Glory (v. 18–25)

“The sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory...” (v. 18)

Paul encourages believers to endure suffering by focusing on future glory.

(1) Creation's Groaning (v. 19–22)

  • All creation suffers because of sin and is waiting for the revealing of the sons of God.
  • Nature itself longs for renewal (cf. Genesis 3 curse).

(2) The Believer’s Groaning (v. 23–25)

  • We groan inwardly while waiting for the redemption of our body.
  • We are already saved in spirit, but we still wait for our resurrection body.
  • This hope sustains us—we wait for it with patience.

8.5 The Spirit Helps in Our Weakness (v. 26–27)

“The Spirit... helpeth our infirmities...”

  • We don’t always know what or how to pray.
  • The Holy Spirit intercedes for us with groanings that cannot be expressed in words.
  • God hears the Spirit’s intercession according to His will.

8.6 God’s Sovereign Plan for Believers (v. 28–30)

“And we know that all things work together for good to them that love God...” (v. 28)

Five Golden Links of Salvation (v. 29–30):

  1. Foreknew – God chose to set His love on us beforehand.
  2. Predestinated – Planned our final conformity to Christ.
  3. Called – Effectually brought us to salvation.
  4. Justified – Declared us righteous.
  5. Glorified – Our final transformation is so certain, it is spoken in the past tense!

Key Point:

  • Salvation is God’s work from beginning to end.
  • Nothing happens by accident for God’s people.

8.7 Eternal Security in Christ (v. 31–39)

“If God be for us, who can be against us?” (v. 31)

Paul gives a powerful conclusion full of assurance:

(1) God Gave His Son (v. 32)

  • Since God gave His greatest gift (Jesus), He will not hold back anything we truly need.

(2) No Condemnation (v. 33–34)

  • No one can accuse or condemn God’s elect.
  • Christ died, rose, and now intercedes for us.

(3) No Separation from God’s Love (v. 35–39)

“Who shall separate us from the love of Christ?”

Not:

  • Tribulation, distress, persecution, famine, nakedness, danger, or sword.
  • Not death, life, angels, demons, things now, things to come, powers, height, depth, or anything else.

Final Assurance:

“Nothing shall be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord.”

Doctrinal Summary of Romans 8

Doctrine Explanation
Justification No condemnation for believers in Christ.
Sanctification Believers live by the Spirit, not the flesh.
Adoption We are sons and heirs of God.
Intercession Both the Spirit and Christ pray for us.
Suffering and Glory Present sufferings are temporary; glory is eternal.
Sovereign Grace Salvation is secured from eternity past to future glory.
Eternal Security Nothing can separate the believer from God’s love.

Conclusion: The Message of Romans 8

Romans 8 gives assurance, hope, and victory:

  • We are free from guilt (v. 1),
  • Filled with the Spirit (v. 9),
  • Led as God’s children (v. 14),
  • Comforted in suffering (v. 18),
  • Helped in prayer (v. 26),
  • Secure in God’s plan (v. 28),
  • And forever loved (v. 39).

Romans Chapter 9 – God's Sovereignty in Election and Israel's Unbelief

Theme of the Chapter:

God is sovereign in salvation. He chooses whom He will save, not based on works or nationality, but according to His mercy. Israel’s rejection does not mean God's promises have failed.

9.1 Paul's Burden for Israel (v. 1–5)

“I say the truth in Christ, I lie not, my conscience also bearing me witness in the Holy Ghost...” (v. 1)

  • Paul opens with a personal lament—he has great sorrow for his fellow Israelites who have rejected Christ.
  • He even says he would be willing to be accursed for their salvation (v. 3)—a statement of deep love.

Israel’s Privileges (v. 4–5):

  • Adoption (national sonship),
  • Glory (God's presence),
  • Covenants (with Abraham, Moses, David),
  • The Law,
  • Worship (temple service),
  • Promises,
  • The patriarchs (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob),
  • And Christ came from them according to the flesh, though He is God over all.

9.2 God’s Promise Has Not Failed (v. 6–13)

“They are not all Israel, which are of Israel.” (v. 6)

Key Point:

  • Not all physical descendants of Israel are true spiritual Israel.

“In Isaac shall thy seed be called.” (v. 7)

  • Paul explains that God never promised salvation to every descendant of Abraham, but to a chosen line:
    • Not Ishmael, but Isaac (v. 7)
    • Not Esau, but Jacob (v. 10–13)

“Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated.” (Malachi 1:2–3)

Meaning:

  • God's election is not based on works, birth order, or merit.
  • He chose Jacob before they were born or had done anything good or bad.

9.3 God’s Election Is According to His Mercy (v. 14–18)

“What shall we say then? Is there unrighteousness with God? God forbid.” (v. 14)

Paul now answers a natural objection:
"Is it unfair for God to choose one and not another?"
No—God is not unjust.

God's Sovereign Mercy:

“I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy...” (v. 15)

  • Salvation depends not on man’s will or effort, but on God who shows mercy (v. 16).

Example: Pharaoh (v. 17–18)

  • God raised up Pharaoh to display His power and to proclaim His name.
  • God hardens whom He will and shows mercy to whom He will.

9.4 Can the Clay Question the Potter? (v. 19–24)

“Thou wilt say then unto me, Why doth he yet find fault? For who hath resisted his will?” (v. 19)

Another objection:
“If God controls everything, how can He still hold people responsible?”

Paul’s Answer:

“Nay but, O man, who art thou that repliest against God?” (v. 20)

  • We are the clay, and God is the potter (cf. Isaiah 45:9; Jeremiah 18:6).
  • The potter has the right to make different kinds of vessels:
    • Some for honor (glory),
    • Others for dishonor (judgment).

Purpose:

  • God shows His wrath and His power on vessels of wrath,
  • And His mercy on vessels of mercy (believers), which He prepared for glory (v. 23).

This is not unfair—it is God displaying His justice and His mercy.

9.5 God’s People Now Include Gentiles (v. 25–29)

Paul quotes from Hosea and Isaiah to show that God's plan always included:

  • Calling Gentiles to be His people (v. 25–26),
  • Saving only a remnant of Israel (v. 27–29).

“Except the Lord... had left us a seed, we had been as Sodom...” (v. 29)

  • God is the one who preserves a remnant—a small group of true believers—out of Israel.

9.6 Israel Sought Righteousness by Works, Not Faith (v. 30–33)

“What shall we say then? That the Gentiles... have attained to righteousness... by faith.” (v. 30)

  • The Gentiles, though they didn’t pursue the law, have received righteousness by faith.
  • But Israel, pursuing the law of righteousness, did not attain it. Why?

“Because they sought it not by faith, but as it were by the works of the law.” (v. 32)

  • Israel stumbled at the stumbling stone—Jesus Christ.

“Behold, I lay in Sion a stumblingstone and rock of offence...” (v. 33, cf. Isaiah 8:14; 28:16)

  • Those who try to be right with God by works will stumble.
  • But those who believe on Christ will never be ashamed.

Doctrinal Summary of Romans 9

Doctrine Explanation
Sovereign Election God chooses to save whom He will, not based on human effort or merit.
National vs. Spiritual Israel Not all physical Israelites are God's true people; only the elect are.
Mercy and Justice God is just in condemning sinners and merciful in saving some.
Human Responsibility Though God is sovereign, man is still responsible for rejecting Christ.
Remnant Theology God has always preserved a believing remnant, not saved all of Israel.
Stumbling over Christ Many Jews missed salvation because they pursued works, not faith.

Conclusion: The Message of Romans 9

Romans 9 teaches:

  • God’s purpose in election has not failed—even though most Jews rejected Christ.
  • God is not obligated to save anyone—but out of mercy, He saves some.
  • Gentiles are now included in God’s people through faith in Christ.
  • Israel stumbled because they sought righteousness by law, not by faith.

This chapter leads into Romans 10, where Paul will explain how people are saved and why Israel’s rejection is their own responsibility.

Romans Chapter 10 – Salvation by Faith Alone and Israel’s Responsibility

Theme of the Chapter:

True righteousness comes by faith in Christ, not by the Law. Salvation is available to all who call on the Lord, but Israel has refused to believe.

10.1 Paul’s Desire for Israel’s Salvation (v. 1–4)

“Brethren, my heart’s desire and prayer to God for Israel is, that they might be saved.” (v. 1)

  • Paul still deeply desires that his people, the Jews, be saved.
  • Even though most rejected Christ, Paul prays for them—they are not beyond hope.

(1) Zeal Without Knowledge (v. 2)

“They have a zeal of God, but not according to knowledge.”

  • Israel is sincere, but sincerely wrong.
  • They are religious but not righteous.

(2) Trying to Establish Their Own Righteousness (v. 3)

  • They try to be right with God by law-keeping, instead of submitting to God’s righteousness (which comes by faith in Christ).

(3) Christ Is the End of the Law (v. 4)

“For Christ is the end of the law for righteousness to every one that believeth.”

  • Christ is the goal and fulfillment of the Law.
  • The Law was meant to lead people to faith in Christ (cf. Galatians 3:24).
  • Righteousness does not come through law-keeping, but through believing in Him.

10.2 Righteousness by Faith, Not by Law (v. 5–13)

(1) Righteousness by the Law (v. 5)

“The man which doeth those things shall live by them.” (Leviticus 18:5)

  • If you choose to be saved by law, you must keep it perfectly—which is impossible (cf. Galatians 3:10–12).

(2) Righteousness by Faith Speaks This Way... (v. 6–8)

Paul uses language from Deuteronomy 30:12–14:

  • You don’t need to go up to heaven or down to the grave to find Christ—He has already come.
  • The word is near you—in your mouth and heart. That is the message of faith Paul preaches.

(3) The Simple Gospel (v. 9–10)

“If thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart...”

What must a person do to be saved?

  • Confess: Openly declare that Jesus is Lord (meaning He is God, Master, Savior).
  • Believe: Trust in your heart that God raised Him from the dead (believe the gospel).

“With the heart man believeth unto righteousness; and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation.” (v. 10)

  • Faith is inward, but true faith is never silent—it confesses Christ.

(4) No Shame and No Distinction (v. 11–13)

“Whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed.” (Isaiah 28:16)
“For there is no difference between the Jew and the Greek...” (v. 12)

  • Salvation is available to all, regardless of race, background, or past.

“Whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved.” (Joel 2:32)

10.3 The Necessity of Preaching the Gospel (v. 14–17)

Paul now shows that faith comes through hearing the gospel, which means people must be sent to preach.

The Chain of Salvation:

  1. Call on the Lord = be saved
  2. To call, they must believe
  3. To believe, they must hear
  4. To hear, someone must preach
  5. To preach, someone must be sent (v. 14–15)

“How beautiful are the feet of them that preach the gospel of peace...” (Isaiah 52:7)

  • Preaching the gospel is a blessed and essential task in God’s plan of salvation.

10.4 Israel’s Unbelief Foretold (v. 16–21)

“But they have not all obeyed the gospel...” (v. 16)

(1) Isaiah Prophesied Rejection (v. 16)

“Lord, who hath believed our report?” (Isaiah 53:1)

  • Even though the gospel was preached, many rejected it—just as the prophets foretold.

(2) Faith Comes by Hearing (v. 17)

“Faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God.”

  • No one is saved apart from hearing the message of Christ.
  • Therefore, gospel preaching is necessary.

(3) Israel Heard But Still Rejected (v. 18–21)

  • Paul quotes from Psalms and Isaiah to show:
    • The gospel has gone out to the world (v. 18),
    • God has turned to the Gentiles (v. 19–20),
    • Israel is a disobedient and gainsaying (rebellious) people (v. 21).

“All day long I have stretched forth my hands unto a disobedient and gainsaying people.” (Isaiah 65:2)

  • God has been patient with Israel, continually inviting them, but they refuse.

Doctrinal Summary of Romans 10

Doctrine Explanation
Salvation by Faith Alone A person is saved by believing in their heart and confessing Jesus as Lord.
Universal Offer of the Gospel Salvation is for whosoever—Jew or Gentile.
Necessity of Preaching People cannot be saved without hearing the gospel.
Rejection of Israel Israel’s rejection of the gospel fulfills prophecy, but does not cancel God’s plan.
Faith through Hearing Faith is not mystical—it comes through hearing the Word of Christ.

Conclusion: The Message of Romans 10

Romans 10 explains that:

  • Salvation is by grace through faith, not by works of the Law.
  • God has made salvation available to all who will believe.
  • Israel’s failure is not God’s fault—they heard the gospel, but chose to reject it.
  • Preaching the gospel is essential, because faith comes by hearing.

Romans 10 completes the message of chapter 9: although God is sovereign in election, man is still responsible to believe.


Absolutely! Below are self-contained, student-friendly class notes on Romans 11, written in simple but doctrinally strong language. These notes explain the chapter clearly, even without a teacher, and highlight important theological truths about Israel, election, grace, and God’s plan.

  • Romans Chapter 11 – Israel’s Rejection Is Not Final

    Theme of the Chapter:

    Though Israel has largely rejected Christ, God has not cast them away. A remnant is saved by grace, and in the future, Israel will be restored. God’s plan is wise, merciful, and beyond human understanding.

    11.1 God Has Not Rejected His People (v. 1–6)

    “Hath God cast away his people? God forbid.” (v. 1)

    Paul answers a crucial question:
    Has God permanently rejected Israel?
    No!

    (1) Paul Is an Example (v. 1)

    • Paul himself is an Israelite, from the tribe of Benjamin.
    • If God saved Paul, then God has not rejected all of Israel.

    (2) God Always Has a Remnant (v. 2–4)

    Paul refers to Elijah (1 Kings 19:18):

    • Elijah thought he was the only faithful one left.
    • But God told him: “I have reserved to myself seven thousand men...”

    Lesson: Even when it seems like all Israel has rejected God, He always preserves a faithful remnant.

    (3) A Remnant Chosen by Grace (v. 5–6)

    “Even so then at this present time also there is a remnant according to the election of grace.”

    • Not all Israel is saved, but some are—chosen by grace, not by works.

    “If by grace, then is it no more of works...” (v. 6)

    • Grace and works cannot mix. Salvation is either all of grace or all of works—it cannot be both.

    11.2 The Rest Were Hardened (v. 7–10)

    “Israel hath not obtained that which he seeketh for...” (v. 7)

    • The elect (those chosen by God) obtained righteousness.
    • But the rest were blinded (hardened in unbelief).

    (1) Quoted Scriptures:

    • Isaiah 29:10: God gave them a spirit of slumber.
    • Psalm 69:22–23: Their blessings turned into a trap, and their eyes were darkened.

    Key Truth:

    • Israel’s rejection is not unexpected—it was foretold.
    • God judges unbelief by allowing blindness to increase (cf. Romans 1:24, 26, 28).

    11.3 Israel’s Fall Is Temporary and Strategic (v. 11–15)

    “Have they stumbled that they should fall? God forbid.” (v. 11)

    • Israel's rejection is not final, and it has a purpose.

    (1) Salvation to the Gentiles (v. 11–12)

    • Because of Israel’s rejection, the gospel went to the Gentiles.
    • This was meant to provoke Israel to jealousy—so they would want what the Gentiles now have.

    (2) Paul’s Ministry Strategy (v. 13–14)

    • Paul magnifies his ministry among Gentiles to stir his fellow Jews to come to Christ.

    (3) Israel’s Return Means Blessing (v. 15)

    “If the casting away of them be the reconciling of the world, what shall the receiving of them be, but life from the dead?”

    • When Israel returns, it will be like a resurrection—a worldwide blessing.

    11.4 The Olive Tree: Gentiles Grafted In (v. 16–24)

    Paul uses the image of an olive tree to explain Israel and the Gentiles.

    (1) The Root Is Holy (v. 16)

    • The patriarchs (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob) are the holy root.
    • The branches are Israelites—some were broken off due to unbelief.

    (2) Gentiles Are Wild Branches (v. 17–18)

    • Gentile believers are grafted in—they now share the blessings of God’s covenant.

    “Boast not... thou bearest not the root, but the root thee.”

    • Gentiles should not be proud. They are part of God’s people by grace, not superiority.

    (3) Fear and Faith (v. 19–21)

    • God broke off natural branches (unbelieving Jews).
    • He can break off Gentiles too, if they become proud and unbelieving.

    (4) God’s Severity and Goodness (v. 22–24)

    “Behold therefore the goodness and severity of God...”

    • Severity to those who fell (Israel),
    • Goodness to those who believe (Gentiles).

    If Israel does not continue in unbelief, they too will be grafted in again—for God is able.

    11.5 A Future Salvation for Israel (v. 25–32)

    “I would not, brethren, that ye should be ignorant of this mystery...” (v. 25)

    (1) A Mystery Revealed:

    • Blindness in part has happened to Israel.
    • This will last until the fulness of the Gentiles be come in—that is, until God finishes saving the Gentile nations.

    (2) All Israel Shall Be Saved (v. 26–27)

    “And so all Israel shall be saved...”

    • This refers to a future national turning of Israel to Christ (cf. Zechariah 12:10).
    • God will forgive their sins—as promised in the New Covenant (Jeremiah 31:31–34).

    (3) Enemies Now, But Beloved for the Fathers’ Sake (v. 28–29)

    • Though Jews oppose the gospel now, they are still beloved because of God’s promises to the patriarchs.

    “For the gifts and calling of God are without repentance.” (v. 29)
    God does not change His mind about His promises.

    (4) Mercy to All (v. 30–32)

    • Gentiles received mercy through Israel’s disobedience.
    • Now God will show mercy to Israel too.

    God allowed all to be disobedient so He could show mercy to all.

    11.6 Doxology: Praising God’s Wisdom (v. 33–36)

    “O the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God!” (v. 33)

    Paul ends with worship. God’s plan is:

    • Deep in wisdom,
    • Unsearchable in judgment,
    • Beyond human comprehension.

    “For of him, and through him, and to him, are all things: to whom be glory for ever. Amen.” (v. 36)

    Doctrinal Summary of Romans 11

    Doctrine Explanation
    Remnant of Israel Not all Jews are saved, but a chosen remnant believes in Christ.
    Election by Grace God’s choice is not based on works but on mercy.
    Temporary Hardening Most Jews are hardened for now, but not forever.
    Gentile Inclusion Gentiles are grafted into God’s people through faith.
    Future Restoration One day, Israel as a nation will turn to Christ.
    God’s Sovereignty God is free, wise, and merciful in His plan of salvation.

    Conclusion: The Message of Romans 11

    Romans 11 answers the question:
    “Has God forgotten His promises to Israel?”
    No!

    • God still saves a remnant of Jews by grace.
    • Gentiles are included, but must remain humble.
    • Israel’s current rejection is temporary, and God will one day restore them.
    • In the end, God gets all the glory for His sovereign, wise, and merciful plan.

    Romans Chapter 12 – Living as a Sacrifice: Christian Conduct

    Theme of the Chapter:

    In response to God’s mercy, believers are called to live a life of spiritual worship, transformed character, and humble, loving service to others.

    12.1 A Life of Worship and Transformation (v. 1–2)

    “I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God...” (v. 1)

    (1) Our Response to Mercy

    • “Therefore” connects to the first 11 chapters: Paul taught about sin, salvation, election, justification, and grace.
    • Now he urges a practical response.

    (2) Present Your Bodies as Living Sacrifices

    • In the Old Testament, people offered dead animals.
    • Now, believers are to offer themselves—their whole lives—as a living, holy, and acceptable sacrifice.

    “Which is your reasonable service.”
    = It is logical and right to give God your life in worship because of what He has done.

    (3) Be Transformed, Not Conformed (v. 2)

    “Be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind...”

    • Don’t copy the ungodly world’s patterns of thinking or behavior.
    • Instead, be transformed (changed) by letting God renew your thinking through His Word.
    • This leads to understanding and living out God’s good, acceptable, and perfect will.

    12.2 Humility and Spiritual Gifts in the Body of Christ (v. 3–8)

    “Not to think of himself more highly than he ought to think...” (v. 3)

    (1) Think Soberly

    • Every believer has a place in the body of Christ, but no one should be proud or self-important.

    “God hath dealt to every man the measure of faith.”

    • Everyone has a different gift, but each comes from God’s grace.

    (2) One Body, Many Members (v. 4–5)

    • Like the human body, the church is one unit with many different parts, each doing its part.
    • We are members one of another—interdependent.

    (3) Use Your Gifts (v. 6–8)

    Paul gives a list of spiritual gifts to be used faithfully and humbly:

    Gift Description
    Prophecy Speaking God’s Word with clarity and authority, in proportion to faith
    Ministry (service) Serving practically to meet needs
    Teaching Explaining and applying God’s truth clearly
    Exhorting Encouraging, comforting, and urging others
    Giving Sharing resources with generosity and simplicity
    Ruling (leadership) Leading with diligence and care
    Showing mercy Being compassionate with cheerfulness

    12.3 Genuine Love and Christian Character (v. 9–21)

    (1) Marks of True Christian Love (v. 9–13)

    “Let love be without dissimulation (hypocrisy).”

    • Love must be genuine, not fake.
    • Hate evil, and cling to good.
    • Be kind, honor others more than yourself, and serve God with zeal and joy.
    • Rejoice in hope, be patient in trials, and faithful in prayer.
    • Share with the needy, and show hospitality.

    (2) Responding to Others in Christlike Love (v. 14–18)

    “Bless them which persecute you...”

    • Do not curse or hate those who hurt you—bless them.
    • Rejoice with those who rejoice, weep with those who weep.
    • Be humble: don’t seek status or revenge.
    • Live peaceably with all, as far as it depends on you.

    (3) Responding to Evil with Good (v. 19–21)

    “Dearly beloved, avenge not yourselves...”

    • Let God be the judge—He will repay (Deuteronomy 32:35).
    • Instead of revenge, do good to your enemy:
      • Feed them if they’re hungry,
      • Give them drink if they’re thirsty.
    • By doing this, you overcome evil with good.

    Doctrinal Summary of Romans 12

    Topic Teaching
    Spiritual Worship We offer our lives to God as living sacrifices in response to His mercy.
    Transformation Renewing the mind through God's truth changes the believer's life.
    Spiritual Gifts Every believer is gifted by grace to serve others in the body of Christ.
    Love in Action Christian life is marked by sincere love, humility, service, and kindness.
    Peace and Forgiveness Believers do not take revenge but trust God's justice and respond with good.

    Conclusion: The Message of Romans 12

    Romans 12 teaches us that:

    • Salvation must lead to a transformed life.
    • Christian life is not about rules, but about worship, love, and service.
    • We must reject worldly thinking and embrace God’s will.
    • True faith is seen in humble service, genuine love, and peaceful living.

    It’s not enough to know doctrine (Romans 1–11); we must live it (Romans 12–16).

    Certainly! Below are clear, self-explanatory class notes for Romans Chapter 13, designed for degree-level students, but written in simple language with doctrinal depth. The chapter focuses on submission to government, loving others, and living in light of Christ’s return.

    Romans Chapter 13 – Christian Duty in Society and Daily Life

    Theme of the Chapter:

    Christians are called to submit to civil authorities, fulfill the law through love, and live righteously in light of Christ’s soon return.

    13.1 Submission to Government Authorities (v. 1–7)

    “Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers...” (v. 1)

    (1) God is the Source of Authority

    • All government authority comes from God, even if the rulers are not believers.
    • Therefore, resisting government is like resisting God’s ordinance (v. 2).

    Note: This does not mean obeying evil laws that clearly oppose God (Acts 5:29 – “We ought to obey God rather than men”), but it means respecting lawful authority in general.

    (2) Purpose of Government (v. 3–4)

    • Government is meant to:
      • Punish evil,
      • Protect the good,
      • Promote peace and order.
    • The ruler is described as “the minister of God”—a servant to maintain justice.

    “He beareth not the sword in vain...” (v. 4)
    This shows that government may use force to punish crime justly.

    (3) Why Submit? (v. 5)

    • To avoid punishment (wrath),
    • But more importantly, for conscience sake—because it pleases God.

    (4) Practical Obedience: Pay What You Owe (v. 6–7)

    “For this cause pay ye tribute also...” (v. 6)

    Christians must:

    • Pay taxes,
    • Show respect,
    • Honor officials,
    • Fulfill civil duties.
    Obligation Command
    Tribute Pay taxes
    Custom Pay other government fees
    Fear Show proper respect
    Honour Give due dignity to authorities

    13.2 Fulfilling the Law Through Love (v. 8–10)

    “Owe no man any thing, but to love one another...” (v. 8)

    (1) Love Is an Ongoing Debt

    • We must always be willing to love others—this is a debt that is never fully paid.
    • Love is the highest moral duty and fulfills the law.

    (2) Love Fulfills the Law (v. 9–10)

    Paul lists some commandments (from Exodus 20):

    • Thou shalt not commit adultery, kill, steal, bear false witness, or covet.

    All are summarized in one phrase:

    “Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.” (Leviticus 19:18)

    “Love worketh no ill to his neighbour...”

    • True love does no harm—it protects, honors, and blesses others.
    • Therefore, love is the fulfillment of the law.

    13.3 Living in the Light of Christ’s Return (v. 11–14)

    “And that, knowing the time...” (v. 11)

    Paul now gives a call to wake up spiritually and live in readiness for Christ’s return.

    (1) Wake Up – The Night Is Almost Over (v. 11–12)

    • Salvation is nearer now than when we first believed.
    • We are living in the last days—so we must cast off the works of darkness and put on the armor of light.

    (2) Live Honorably (v. 13)

    “Let us walk honestly, as in the day...”

    Avoid the sins of darkness:

    • Rioting (drunken partying),
    • Drunkenness,
    • Chambering (sexual immorality),
    • Wantonness (shameless lust),
    • Strife and envy (division and jealousy).

    (3) Put On Christ (v. 14)

    “But put ye on the Lord Jesus Christ...”

    • Live like Jesus—let His character cover your life.
    • Do not make plans to satisfy the lusts of the flesh—instead, pursue holiness.

    Doctrinal Summary of Romans 13

    Doctrine Explanation
    Christian Citizenship Believers are to respect and obey government as God's appointed authority.
    Love as the Fulfillment of the Law Loving others from the heart fulfills the moral law of God.
    Urgency of Holy Living Christ’s return is near; believers must live in the light, not in sin.
    Sanctification Putting off the flesh and putting on Christ is a daily pursuit for the believer.

    Conclusion: The Message of Romans 13

    Romans 13 shows how the gospel transforms public and personal life:

    1. Toward the State – Be a respectful and obedient citizen.
    2. Toward Society – Love others; avoid harming your neighbor.
    3. Toward Yourself – Wake up spiritually; live clean and holy lives, ready for Jesus' return.

    The Christian is both a citizen of heaven and a responsible citizen on earth.

    Romans Chapter 14 – Christian Liberty and the Law of Love

    Theme of the Chapter:

    Believers must not judge or despise each other over disputable matters. Instead, they should walk in love, respect conscience, and pursue peace in the body of Christ.

    14.1 Do Not Judge One Another Over Opinions (v. 1–4)

    “Him that is weak in the faith receive ye, but not to doubtful disputations.” (v. 1)

    (1) Who Is "Weak in the Faith"?

    • A believer with a sensitive conscience who avoids certain things (like eating meat) because they think it might be sinful.

    (2) Disputable Matters

    • Paul is not talking about sin, but about gray areas—things not clearly commanded or forbidden in Scripture.

    Examples:

    • Eating meat or only vegetables (v. 2)
    • Observing certain holy days (v. 5)
    • Drinking wine (v. 21, implied)

    (3) Do Not Despise or Condemn (v. 3–4)

    • Those who feel free must not look down on the weak.
    • Those who abstain must not condemn the free.

    “God hath received him.”

    • Each believer is accepted by God, and serves the Lord, not us.

    “Who art thou that judgest another man’s servant?” (v. 4)

    14.2 Each Person Must Be Fully Convinced (v. 5–9)

    “Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind.” (v. 5)

    • When the Bible is not explicit, each believer must act in good conscience, based on personal conviction before God.

    (1) Examples:

    • One keeps a special day, another does not—both do so unto the Lord.
    • One eats meat with thanksgiving, another avoids it out of reverence—both are sincere.

    (2) We Live and Die for the Lord (v. 7–9)

    • Our lives are not our own; we belong to Christ.
    • Whether we live or die, we do it for the Lord.

    “For to this end Christ both died, and rose... that he might be Lord both of the dead and living.” (v. 9)

    14.3 Do Not Judge or Cause Others to Stumble (v. 10–13)

    “We shall all stand before the judgment seat of Christ.” (v. 10)

    (1) Don't Judge Others—Christ Will

    • Each believer will give an account to God, not to you.
    • Therefore, stop judging one another on matters of liberty.

    (2) Be Careful Not to Be a Stumbling Block (v. 13)

    • Don’t use your liberty in a way that offends or causes another believer to sin.

    14.4 Christian Liberty Balanced by Love (v. 14–21)

    “I know... that there is nothing unclean of itself...” (v. 14)

    (1) Liberty Is Real, But Love Is Greater

    • Paul knows that foods are not spiritually unclean (cf. Mark 7:15; 1 Corinthians 8:8).
    • But if someone believes it is wrong, then for them it is sin to do it.

    “If thy brother be grieved with thy meat, now walkest thou not charitably.” (v. 15)

    • Love means giving up your right if it harms your brother's faith.

    (2) The Kingdom Is Not About Rules (v. 17)

    “The kingdom of God is not meat and drink; but righteousness, and peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost.”

    • The Christian life is not about food and rituals, but about:
      • Righteousness (living right),
      • Peace (with God and others),
      • Joy in the Spirit (fellowship and assurance).

    (3) Pursue Peace and Edification (v. 19)

    “Let us therefore follow after the things which make for peace...”

    • We are to build each other up, not tear each other down.

    “It is good neither to eat flesh, nor to drink wine... whereby thy brother stumbleth...” (v. 21)

    • Avoid exercising your liberty if it might lead another to fall into sin.

    14.5 Walk by Faith and a Clear Conscience (v. 22–23)

    “Hast thou faith? Have it to thyself before God...” (v. 22)

    • If you have liberty in your conscience, keep it between you and God—do not pressure others.

    “Happy is he that condemneth not himself in that thing which he alloweth.”

    • A person is blessed when he acts in liberty with a clear conscience.

    “Whatsoever is not of faith is sin.” (v. 23)

    • If a person doubts whether something is right and still does it, he sins—because he is not acting from faith.

    Doctrinal Summary of Romans 14

    Doctrine Explanation
    Christian Liberty Believers are free in Christ in non-essential matters not clearly defined in Scripture.
    Conscience and Conviction Each believer must act according to personal conviction, without violating conscience.
    Law of Love Love is more important than personal freedom. Never harm another’s faith by your actions.
    Judgment Seat of Christ Every believer will give account to God—not to fellow believers.
    Unity in Diversity Differences in practice should not divide the body of Christ in non-essential areas.

    Conclusion: The Message of Romans 14

    Romans 14 teaches that:

    • Believers differ in areas of conscience—like diet, holidays, and practices not commanded or forbidden.
    • In such matters, we must not judge or despise one another.
    • Christian liberty is real, but love limits liberty for the sake of others.
    • Always act from faith and a clean conscience, not pressure or pride.
    • In everything, please Christ, not yourself.

    Let liberty be exercised in love, and let differences be handled in humility.

    Romans Chapter 15 – Unity, Edification, and the Mission of the Gospel

    Theme of the Chapter:

    Believers are to live in harmony, support the weak, glorify God together, and continue spreading the gospel to all nations, just as Paul did.

    15.1 Pleasing Others for Edification (v. 1–6)

    “We then that are strong ought to bear the infirmities of the weak...” (v. 1)

    (1) Strength Means Responsibility

    • Spiritually mature believers must help, not criticize, those who are weak in conscience or faith.
    • The goal is not to please ourselves, but to build up others.

    (2) Christ is Our Example (v. 3)

    “For even Christ pleased not himself...”

    • Jesus bore our reproaches, even though He was perfect (Psalm 69:9).
    • The Christian life means self-denial for the good of others.

    (3) Encouragement from Scripture (v. 4)

    “For whatsoever things were written aforetime...”

    • The Old Testament was written to teach, encourage, and give hope to believers today.

    (4) Unity Glorifies God (v. 5–6)

    • God gives believers patience and comfort, so they may live in unity and glorify Him with one voice.

    “That ye may with one mind and one mouth glorify God...” (v. 6)

    15.2 Christ Welcomes All – Jew and Gentile (v. 7–13)

    “Wherefore receive ye one another, as Christ also received us...” (v. 7)

    • Just as Christ received us, we should welcome each other, regardless of background.

    (1) Jesus Came to Confirm the Promises to the Jews (v. 8)

    • Christ was a minister to the circumcision (Jews) to confirm God’s covenant promises.

    (2) And to Include the Gentiles (v. 9–12)

    Paul quotes several Old Testament verses to show that the Gentiles were always included in God’s plan.

    OT Quote Book Message
    “Rejoice, ye Gentiles, with his people.” Deuteronomy 32:43 Gentiles and Jews rejoicing together
    “Praise the Lord, all ye Gentiles...” Psalm 117:1 Worldwide worship of God
    “There shall be a root of Jesse... in him shall the Gentiles trust.” Isaiah 11:10 Christ, the hope of Gentiles

    (3) A Prayer of Hope (v. 13)

    “Now the God of hope fill you with all joy and peace in believing...”

    • Believers are filled with joy, peace, and hope through faith and by the power of the Holy Ghost.

    15.3 Paul’s Ministry to the Gentiles (v. 14–21)

    (1) Paul’s Confidence in the Romans (v. 14)

    • Paul believes the Roman believers are full of goodness, knowledge, and able to instruct one another.

    (2) Paul’s Bold Writing (v. 15–16)

    “I have written the more boldly unto you...”

    • Paul reminds them of his special role:
      • A minister of Jesus Christ to the Gentiles,
      • Offering them like a sacrifice, sanctified by the Holy Ghost.

    (3) Paul’s Boast – What Christ Did Through Him (v. 17–19)

    • Paul glories not in himself, but in what Christ has done through him:
      • By word and deed,
      • By miracles and the power of the Spirit,
      • From Jerusalem to Illyricum, he preached the gospel fully.

    (4) Paul's Goal – Preach Where Christ Is Not Known (v. 20–21)

    “Yea, so have I strived to preach the gospel, not where Christ was named...”

    • Paul focused on unreached regions, fulfilling Isaiah 52:15:

    “To whom he was not spoken of, they shall see...”

    15.4 Paul’s Travel Plans and Prayer Request (v. 22–33)

    (1) His Desire to Visit Rome (v. 22–24)

    • Paul had longed to visit Rome but was delayed.
    • He hoped to stop there on his way to Spain, after delivering a gift to Jerusalem.

    (2) The Offering for the Saints in Jerusalem (v. 25–27)

    • Churches in Macedonia and Achaia (Gentiles) gave financial aid to poor Jewish believers in Jerusalem.

    “It hath pleased them... and their debtors they are.”

    • Since Gentiles received spiritual blessings from the Jews, they now share material blessings with them.

    (3) Prayer Request for His Journey (v. 30–33)

    Paul asks for prayer:

    • That he may be delivered from unbelieving Jews in Judea,
    • That his service to the saints will be accepted,
    • That he may come to Rome with joy and be refreshed.

    “Now the God of peace be with you all. Amen.” (v. 33)

    Doctrinal Summary of Romans 15

    Doctrine Explanation
    Mutual Edification Believers should bear with one another and build each other up in love.
    Christ as Savior of All Jesus fulfills God’s promises to the Jews and extends salvation to the Gentiles.
    Unity in the Church Jew and Gentile believers glorify God together as one body.
    Apostolic Mission Paul’s calling was to preach to unreached Gentile regions.
    Christian Giving Gentile churches showed love through generous giving to Jewish believers.
    Prayer and Peace The church must support gospel laborers with prayer, and pursue the peace of God.

    Conclusion: The Message of Romans 15

    Romans 15 teaches that:

    • The strong should serve and encourage the weak, just as Christ did.
    • God’s plan includes both Jews and Gentiles in the gospel.
    • The church must live in unity, joy, peace, and mutual love.
    • Missions, giving, and prayer are vital to the church’s ministry.
    • Paul lived a life of faith, purpose, and self-sacrifice, always aiming to glorify God among the nations.

    Like Paul, we are to live with a global gospel vision, serving the weak, supporting the Church, and sending the gospel where Christ is not yet known.

    Romans Chapter 16 – Christian Fellowship, Watchfulness, and Final Praise

    Theme of the Chapter:

    The chapter closes with warm greetings to faithful workers in the church, a warning against divisive people, and a glorious doxology to God.

    16.1 Commending and Greeting Fellow Workers (v. 1–16)

    “I commend unto you Phebe our sister...” (v. 1)

    (1) Commendation of Phoebe (v. 1–2)

    • Phoebe is a servant (Greek: diakonos, possibly a deaconess) of the church at Cenchrea.
    • Paul urges the Romans to receive her in the Lord and assist her in any need.

    “She hath been a succourer (helper) of many, and of myself also.”

    • A model of godly, practical service.

    (2) Greetings to Many Saints (v. 3–16)

    Paul greets more than 25 individuals and several house churches.

    Highlights:

    • Priscilla and Aquila (v. 3–5):

      • Risked their lives for Paul,
      • Hosted a church in their house.

    • Epaenetus (v. 5):

      • The first convert in Achaia.

    • Mary, Andronicus, Junia, Urban, Apelles, etc.:

      • All are commended for their labor, suffering, and faithful service.

    • Many are called:

      • “Beloved,”
      • “Fellow-laborer,”
      • “Approved in Christ,”
      • “In Christ before me” (v. 7) – indicating early converts or mature believers.

    These greetings show the personal love, diversity, and unity of the early church.

    “Salute one another with an holy kiss.” (v. 16)

    • A cultural sign of fellowship, not romantic, but warm and holy Christian affection.

    16.2 Warning Against Division and False Teachers (v. 17–20)

    “Mark them which cause divisions and offences contrary to the doctrine...” (v. 17)

    (1) Identify and Avoid False Teachers

    • Watch for those who depart from sound doctrine and divide the church.
    • These people serve themselves, not Christ.

    “By good words and fair speeches they deceive the hearts of the simple.” (v. 18)

    • False teachers use smooth language to mislead the unsuspecting.

    (2) Be Wise to Good, Innocent to Evil (v. 19)

    • The Roman church had a good reputation.
    • Paul urges them to stay wise in doing good and innocent concerning evil—not curious about sin.

    (3) The God of Peace Will Crush Satan (v. 20)

    “And the God of peace shall bruise Satan under your feet shortly...”

    • A reference to Genesis 3:15: Christ's victory over Satan.
    • Encouragement that spiritual victory is coming soon.

    “The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you.”

    • A benediction of comfort and strength.

    16.3 Final Greetings from Paul’s Co-Workers (v. 21–24)

    “Timotheus... Lucius... Jason... Sosipater... Tertius... Gaius... Erastus... Quartus...”

    • These men were close companions in Paul’s ministry.
    • Tertius wrote the letter as Paul dictated it (v. 22).
    • Gaius hosted Paul and the church.
    • Erastus was a city treasurer—indicating social diversity in the church.

    The early church included leaders, workers, government officials, and common saints—all united in Christ.

    16.4 Final Doxology: Praise to God for His Gospel (v. 25–27)

    “Now to him that is of power to stablish you according to my gospel...” (v. 25)

    (1) God Is Able to Establish You

    • Through:
      • The gospel Paul preached,
      • The preaching of Jesus Christ,
      • The revelation of the mystery (the full plan of salvation),
      • The Scriptures of the prophets.

    (2) The Mystery Revealed (v. 25–26)

    • This mystery (now made known) is:
      • The inclusion of Gentiles in the body of Christ (cf. Eph. 3:3–6),
      • Revealed by God’s command to all nations for the obedience of faith.

    (3) Glory to God (v. 27)

    “To God only wise, be glory through Jesus Christ forever. Amen.”

    • The letter ends with praise to the only wise God, glorified through Christ, eternally.

    Doctrinal Summary of Romans 16

    Doctrine Explanation
    Christian Fellowship The church is a family of believers who serve, suffer, and encourage one another.
    Women in Ministry Women like Phoebe, Priscilla, and others played important roles in early church service.
    False Teachers The church must be vigilant against false doctrine and protect unity in the truth.
    Victory Over Satan God promises final victory over evil through Christ.
    Gospel and Revelation The gospel reveals the eternal plan of salvation, now made known to all nations.

    Conclusion: The Message of Romans 16

    Romans 16 teaches that:

    • True Christian ministry is personal and relational—built on love, service, and partnership.
    • Unity in the church requires watchfulness, doctrinal soundness, and mutual encouragement.
    • The gospel is for all people, and God is wise and glorious in His eternal plan.

    This chapter closes the book of Romans with the same themes it began with: grace, faith, obedience, and the glory of God.

    Full Outline of Romans 16:

    1. Commendation of Phoebe – v. 1–2
    2. Greetings to believers – v. 3–16
    3. Warning against false teachers – v. 17–20
    4. Final greetings from Paul’s companions – v. 21–24
    5. Doxology (Praise to God) – v. 25–27

    Summary of the Book of Romans (Chapters 1–16)

    Theme of Romans:

    “The righteousness of God revealed through the gospel of Jesus Christ.”
    (Romans 1:16–17)

    Outline and Summary by Sections:

    I. Introduction and Theme (Romans 1:1–17)

    • Paul introduces himself and his mission.
    • The theme: The gospel is the power of God unto salvation to all who believe—Jew and Gentile.
    • God's righteousness is revealed by faith.

    II. Universal Condemnation: The Need for Righteousness (Romans 1:18–3:20)

    • Gentiles are condemned for idolatry and immorality.
    • Jews are condemned for hypocrisy and self-righteousness.
    • All humanity is under sin: “There is none righteous, no, not one” (3:10).
    • The Law shows sin but cannot save.

    III. Justification by Faith: The Way of Righteousness (Romans 3:21–5:21)

    • Righteousness is apart from the Law, through faith in Jesus Christ.
    • Justification means being declared righteous by God.
    • Abraham is the example: he was justified by faith, not works (Romans 4).
    • The results of justification: peace with God, access to grace, hope of glory (Romans 5).

    IV. Sanctification: Living in Righteousness (Romans 6–8)

    • Romans 6: Believers are dead to sin, alive to God. Grace is not a license to sin.
    • Romans 7: The believer struggles with sin, but the Law cannot deliver.
    • Romans 8: Victory is in the Spirit, not the flesh.
      • No condemnation in Christ.
      • The Spirit leads, assures, and intercedes.
      • God works all things for good.
      • Nothing can separate us from God’s love.

    V. God’s Righteousness in His Dealings with Israel (Romans 9–11)

    • Romans 9: God is sovereign in salvation; not all physical Israel is spiritual Israel.
    • Romans 10: Israel rejected the gospel; salvation is by faith, not law.
    • Romans 11: God is not done with Israel. There is a remnant and future restoration.
      • Gentiles are grafted in, but must not boast.

    VI. Practical Righteousness: Christian Living (Romans 12–15)

    • Romans 12: Offer your body as a living sacrifice. Serve one another in love.
    • Romans 13: Submit to governing authorities; love fulfills the law; live in holiness.
    • Romans 14–15: Respect Christian liberty. Do not judge others in disputable matters.
      • Seek unity, edification, and mutual acceptance.
      • Paul explains his mission to the Gentiles and plans to visit Rome.

    VII. Final Greetings and Doxology (Romans 16)

    • Paul sends warm greetings to many believers.
    • He warns against divisive people and false teachers.
    • Closes with a glorious doxology, praising the wise God for His eternal gospel.

    Major Doctrinal Themes in Romans

    Doctrine Description
    Sin All have sinned; none are righteous. All need salvation. (Rom. 3:23)
    Justification Declared righteous by faith in Christ alone, not by works. (Rom. 5:1)
    Grace Salvation is a free gift, unearned and undeserved. (Rom. 6:23)
    Faith The means by which we receive righteousness. (Rom. 1:17)
    Sanctification Growing in holiness by the Spirit’s power. (Rom. 8:13–14)
    Election God chooses whom He will save, according to His mercy. (Rom. 9)
    The Gospel Christ died and rose again to justify and save all who believe. (Rom. 1:16)
    The Church One body of Jews and Gentiles united in Christ. (Rom. 12:4–5; 15:6)
    Christian Ethics Live in love, humility, and holiness. (Rom. 12–13)
    Eschatology (Hope) Believers await final redemption and glorification. (Rom. 8:23–25)

    ✝️ Key Verses to Memorize

    • Romans 1:16–17 – The theme of the book.
    • Romans 3:23–24 – All have sinned, but are justified freely by grace.
    • Romans 5:1 – Justified by faith, we have peace with God.
    • Romans 6:23 – The wages of sin is death; the gift of God is eternal life.
    • Romans 8:1 – No condemnation to those in Christ.
    • Romans 10:9–10 – Believe and confess to be saved.
    • Romans 12:1–2 – Present your bodies as living sacrifices.
    • Romans 16:25–27 – Final doxology: glory to the only wise God.

    ✅ Practical Applications

    • Study Romans for a strong foundation in salvation, grace, and Christian life.
    • Learn how to think biblically about sin, law, gospel, and righteousness.
    • Use Romans to explain the gospel clearly to others.
    • Let Romans shape your worship, fellowship, and daily conduct.

    Kenneth

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