English and Swahili Teachings on Christ

SAMPLE 1

---

Basic Hebrew 2 – Study Guide Answers

1. Hebrew Alphabet (In Order)

א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר ש ת

---

2. Infinitive Construct of פָּקַד in All Seven Stems

• Qal: לִפְקֹד
• Niphal: לְהִפָּקֵד
• Piel: לְפַקֵּד
• Pual: לְפֻקָּד
• Hiphil: לְהַפְקִיד
• Hophal: לְהָפְקַד
• Hithpael: לְהִתְפַּקֵּד

---

3. Qal Imperfect of פָּקַד

Person	Form
1cs	אֶפְקֹד
2ms	תִּפְקֹד
2fs	תִּפְקְדִי
3ms	יִפְקֹד
3fs	תִּפְקֹד
1cp	נִפְקֹד
2mp	תִּפְקְדוּ
2fp	תִּפְקֹדְנָה
3mp	יִפְקְדוּ
3fp	תִּפְקֹדְנָה

---

4. Functions of the Imperfect (All Stems)

The Imperfect expresses:

• Future action
• Incomplete action
• Habitual action
• Possibility / modality
• Commands (jussive/cohortative forms)
• Progressive action (context dependent)

---

5. Vav-Consecutive (וַו ההיפוך)

The Vav-Consecutive is a narrative device that converts tense:

• Imperfect → Past narrative (converted to wayyiqtol)
• Perfect → Future or sequence (converted to weqatal)

It is used mainly with:

• Imperfect (wayyiqtol)
• Perfect (weqatal)

---

6. Directional ה (Locative He)

A suffix ־ָה added to a noun to indicate direction toward a place.
Example:

• אֶרֶץ → אַרְצָה = “toward the land”

---

7. Helping Vowels with Pronominal Suffixes

• To Perfect verbs: usually ֹ (holem) or ֵ (tsere) depending on stem and form
• To Imperfect verbs: usually ִ (hireq) or reduced vowel patterns

---

8. Stems Without Imperative + Prohibition

Stems without Imperatives:

• Niphal (in many forms)
• Pual
• Hophal

How prohibitions are expressed:

• Using אַל + Imperfect
  • Example: אַל־תֵּלֵךְ = “Do not go”

---

9. Infinitives (Construct & Absolute)

Infinitive Construct

• Functions as a verbal noun
• Often preceded by prepositions (ב, ל, כ, מ)

Infinitive Absolute

• Used for:
  • Emphasis (certainty, intensity)
  • Command reinforcement
  • Indefinite action
• Example:
  • מוֹת תָּמוּת = “You shall surely die”

---

10. Weak Verbs (Infinitive Construct)

Weak verbs show irregularities such as:

• Loss of root letters
• Vowel changes
• Prefix adjustments

---

11. Prepositions with Infinitive Construct

• Time: “when”
• Purpose: “to / in order to”
• Context determines meaning

---

12. Pronominal Suffixes with Infinitives

• Can function as:
  • Subject of the infinitive
  • Object of the infinitive
• Determined by context

---

13. לְבִלְתִּי

• Means: “so as not to” / “in order not to”
• Used with Infinitive Construct

---

14. Participles (Active & Passive)

General Function

• Participles act as verbal adjectives
• Infinitives act as verbal nouns

---

15. Functions of Participles (Three Main)

1. Descriptive (adjectival)

   • Describes a noun

2. Substantival (noun-like)

   • “The one who…”

3. Verbal (continuous action)

   • Ongoing or present action

---

16. Stems with Participial Preformatives

• Most stems include a preformative (מ):
  • Piel
  • Pual
  • Hiphil
  • Hophal

---

17. Stem without Preformative

• Qal active participle (typically no prefix)

---

18. הִנֵּה + Participle

• Indicates immediacy or emphasis
• Translates as:
  • “Behold…” / “Look…” / “Here is…”

---

19. Verb Parsing Format

You must identify:

• Stem
• Tense
• Person
• Number
• Gender
• Root
• Meaning

---

20. Translation Practice

• Be ready to:
  • Identify forms
  • Translate accurately
  • Recognize stems and patterns

---

SAMPLE 2

---

1. Hebrew Alphabet (in order)

Letter	Name	Transliteration
א	Aleph	ʾ
ב	Bet	b / v
ג	Gimel	g
ד	Dalet	d
ה	He	h
ו	Vav	w / v
ז	Zayin	z
ח	Het	ḥ
ט	Tet	ṭ
י	Yod	y
כ ך	Kaf	k / kh
ל	Lamed	l
מ ם	Mem	m
נ ן	Nun	n
ס	Samek	s
ע	Ayin	ʿ
פ ף	Pe	p / f
צ ץ	Tsade	ts
ק	Qof	q
ר	Resh	r
ש	Shin	sh
ת	Tav	t

---

2. Infinitive Construct of פָּקַד (paqad, “to visit, appoint, punish”)

Seven stems (basic patterns)

Stem	Infinitive Construct	Meaning
Qal	לִפְקֹד (lifqod)	to appoint/visit
Niphal	לְהִפָּקֵד (lehippāqēd)	to be appointed / to be visited
Piel	לְפַקֵּד (lefakkēd)	to appoint, charge
Pual	לְפֻקַּד (lefukkad)	to be appointed
Hiphil	לְהַפְקִיד (lehafqid)	to appoint, entrust
Hophal	לְהָפְקַד (lehāfqaḏ)	to be appointed
Hithpael	לְהִתְפַּקֵּד (lehitpakkēd)	to appoint oneself / muster

---

3. Qal Imperfect of פָּקַד

Person	Form	Transliteration
1cs	אֶפְקֹד	ʾefqod
2ms	תִּפְקֹד	tifqod
2fs	תִּפְקְדִי	tifqedi
3ms	יִפְקֹד	yifqod
3fs	תִּפְקֹד	tifqod
1cp	נִפְקֹד	nifqod
2mp	תִּפְקְדוּ	tifqedu
2fp	תִּפְקֹדְנָה	tifqodnah
3mp	יִפְקְדוּ	yifqedu
3fp	תִּפְקֹדְנָה	tifqodnah

Meaning of Imperfect (across stems)

• Qal: simple action, incomplete, future, habitual
• Niphal: passive or reflexive
• Piel: intensive or factitive
• Pual: passive of Piel
• Hiphil: causative
• Hophal: passive causative
• Hithpael: reflexive/intensive

---

4. Vav-Consecutive (Wayyiqtol)

Definition

• A narrative construction using וַ (vav + shewa/ pataḥ) + Imperfect form
• Converts imperfect into past narrative (perfect-like meaning)

Forms used with:

• Primarily: Imperfect (Wayyiqtol)
• Also historically related to Perfect (rare in similar forms)

Example:

וַיֹּאמֶר (vayyōmer) = “and he said”

---

5. Directional –ה (Locative He)

Definition

• A suffix -ה added to indicate direction toward a place
• Often translated “to / toward”

Example:

מִצְרַיְמָה (mitsraymah) = “to Egypt”

---

6. Helping Vowel for Pronominal Suffixes

Verb Form	Helping Vowel
Perfect	־ָה / ־ֶה (often pataḥ or segol)
Imperfect	־ֶה (segol)

---

7. Stems Without Imperatives

• Pual, Hophal, and passive forms generally do not have imperatives

---

8. Expressing Prohibition

Instead of imperative, Hebrew uses:

• אַל + imperfect
  • אַל־תִּקְטֹל (ʾal tiqtol) = “Do not kill”

Note:

• אַל is used for specific/temporary prohibitions
• לֹא is used for general negation

---

9. Infinitives

Infinitive Construct (Inf. Cst.)

• Functions like:
  • “to do…”
  • “when doing…”

Infinitive Absolute

• Used for:
  1. Emphasis
  2. Certainty
  3. Command reinforcement

Example: מ֥וֹת תָּמוּת (mot tamut) = “you shall surely die”

---

10. Infinitive Construct of Weak Verbs

Key idea:

• Weak roots change due to gutturals, weak consonants (א, ה, ו, י, נ)

Example patterns vary, often with vowel lengthening or contraction.

---

11. Prepositions with Infinitive Construct

• בְּ = “when / while”
• לְ = “to / in order to” (purpose)
• כְּ = “as / when”

Example: לִשְׁמֹר = “in order to keep”

---

12. Pronominal Suffix: Subject vs Object

Context determines:

• Subject of infinitive (who does action)
• Object (who receives action)

Example: לְהַכּוֹתוֹ

• “to strike him” (object)
• OR “his striking” (subject)

---

13. Negative לְבִלְתִּי

• Means: “so as not to” / “in order not to”

Example: לְבִלְתִּי עֲשׂוֹת = “so as not to do”

---

14. Participles

Definition

• “Verbal adjectives”
• Combine:
  • action (verb)
  • description (adjective)

Functions (3 main)

1. Present action
2. Habitual action
3. Descriptive / adjectival use

---

15. Participles: Forms

Active

• עֹשֶׂה (ʿoseh) = “doing”

Passive

• עָשׂוּי (ʿasuy) = “done”

---

16. Preformatives in Participles

Stem	Preformative
Qal	usually no preformative
Niphal	נ
Piel	מְ
Pual	מְ
Hiphil	מַ
Hophal	מֻ
Hithpael	הִתְ

---

17. Special Note: הִנֵּה

• Means: “behold” / “look”
• With participle:
  • Indicates present ongoing action
  • Often translated: “is/are doing”

Example: הִנֵּה הוּא כֹתֵב = “Behold, he is writing”

---

18. Verb Parsing (what to include)

Each verb parsed must include:

• Stem (Qal, Niphal, etc.)
• Tense (Perfect / Imperfect / Participle / etc.)
• Person (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
• Number (singular/plural)
• Gender (masc/fem)
• Root (3 letters)
• Meaning

---

19. Key Summary Points

• Imperfect = incomplete action
• Perfect = completed action
• Infinitives = verbal nouns
• Participles = verbal adjectives
• Vav-consecutive = narrative past
• Prohibition = אַל + imperfect
• Directional ה = movement toward
• לְבִלְתִּי = negative infinitive
• הִנֵּה + participle = present action emphasis

---

Kenneth